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See also:ROBERT See also:ESTIENNE (1503–1559) was See also:Henri's second son. After his See also:father's See also:death he acted as assistant to his stepfather, and in this capacity superintended the See also:printing of a Latin edition of the New Testament in 16mo (1523). Some slight alterations which he had introduced into the See also:text brought upon him the censures of the See also:faculty of See also:theology. It was the first of a See also:long See also:series of disputes between him and that See also:body. It appears that he had intimate relations with the new Evangelical preachers almost from the beginning of the See also:movement, and that soon after this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time he definitely joined the Reformed See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church. In 1526 he entered into See also:possession of his father's printing See also:establishment, and adopted as his See also:device the celebrated See also:olive-See also:- TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
- TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )
tree (a See also:reminiscence doubtless of his grandmother's See also:family of Montolivet), with the See also:motto from the See also:epistle to the See also:Romans (xi. 20), Noli altum sapere, sometimes with the addition sed time. In 1528 he married Perrette, a daughter of the See also:scholar and printer Josse Bade (Jodocus See also:Badius), and in the same See also:year he published his first Latin See also:Bible, an edition in See also:folio, upon which he had been at See also:work for the last four years. In 1532 appeared his See also:Thesaurus linguae Latinae, a See also:dictionary of Latin words and phrases, upon which for two years he had toiled incessantly, with no other assistance than that of See also:Thierry of See also:Beauvais. A second edition, greatly enlarged and improved, appeared. in 1536, and a third, still further improved, in 3 vols. folio, in 1543. Though the Thesaurus is now superseded, its merits must not be forgotten. It was vastly See also:superior to anything of the See also:kind that had appeared before; it formed the basis of future labours, and even as See also:late - as 1734 was considered worthy of being re-edited. In 1539 Robert was appointed See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king's printer for See also:Hebrew and Latin, an See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office to which, after the death of See also:Conrad Neobar in 1540, he See also:united that of king's printer for See also:Greek. In 1541 he was entrusted by See also:Francis I. with the task of procuring from See also:Claude Garamond, the engraver and type-founder, three sets of Greek type for the royal See also:press. The See also:middle See also:size were the first ready, and with these Robert printed the editio princeps of the Ecclesiasticae Historiae of See also:Eusebius and others (1544). The smallest size were first used for the 16mo edition of the New Testament known as the 0 mirificam (1546), while with the largest size was printed the magnificent folio of 1550. This edition involved the printer in fresh disputes with the faculty of theology, and towards the end of the following year he See also:left his native See also:town for ever, and took See also:refuge at See also:Geneva, where he published in 1552 a See also:caustic and effective See also:answer to his persecutors under the See also:title Ad censuras theologorum Parisiensium, quibus Biblia a R. Stephano, Typographo Regio, ex usa calumniose notarunt, eiusdem R. S. responsio. A See also:French See also:translation, which is remarkable for the excellence of its See also:style, was published by him in the same year (printed in Renouard's Annales de l'imprimerie See also:des Estienne). At Geneva Robert proved himself an ardent See also:partisan of See also:Calvin, several of whose See also:works he published. He died there on the 7t` of See also:September 1559.
It is by his work in connexion with the Bible, and especially as an editor of the New Testament, that he is on the whole best known. The text of his New Testament of 155o, either in its See also:original See also:form or in such slightly modified form as it assumed in the See also:Elzevir text of 1634, remains to this See also:day the traditional text. But this is due rather to its typographical beauty than to any See also:critical merit. The readings of the fifteen See also:MSS. which Robert's son Henri had collated for the purpose were merely introduced into the margin. The text was still almost exactly that of See also:Erasmus. It was, however, the first edition ever published with a critical apparatus of any sort. Of the whole Bible Robert printed eleven See also:editions—eight in Latin, two in Hebrew and one in French; while of the New Testament alone he printed twelve—five in Greek, five in Latin and two in French. In the Greek New Testament of 1551 (printed at Geneva) the See also:present See also:division into verses was introduced for the first time. The editiones principes which issued from Robert's press were eight in number, viz. Eusebius, including the Praeparatio evangelica and the Demonstratio evangelica as well as the Historia ecclesiastica already mentioned (1544-1546), See also:Moschopulus (1545), See also:Dionysius of See also:Halicarnassus (See also:February 1547), See also:Alexander Trallianus (See also:January 1548), Dio See also:Cassius (January 1548), See also:Justin See also:Martyr (1551), See also:Xiphilinus (1551), See also:Appian (1551), the last being completed, after Robert's departure from See also:Paris, by his See also:brother See also:Charles, and appearing under his name. Theseeditions, all in folio, except the Moschopulus, which is in 4t0, are unrivalled for beauty. Robert also printed numerous editions of Latin See also:classics, of which perhaps the folio See also:Virgil of 1532 is the most noteworthy, and a large quantity of Latin grammars and other educational works, many of which were written by See also:Maturin Cordier, his friend and co-worker in the cause of See also:humanism.
End of Article: ROBERT ESTIENNE (1503–1559)
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