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water. On the loth the same positions were gallantly stormed, with a loss of 199 killed and wounded. The progress of the expedition, along a wretched track through the mountains, was obstinately contested on the 29th of October at the Sampagha Pass leading to the Mastura valley, and on the 31st at the Arhanga Pass from the Mastura to the Tirah valley. The force, in detached brigades, now proceeded to See also:

TRAVERSE

traverse the Tirah See also:

DISTRICT

district in all directions, and to destroy the walled and fortified hamlets of the Afridis.

The two divisions available for this See also:

DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty numbered about 20,000 men. A force about 3200 strong commanded by Brigadier-General (afterwards See also:

Major-General Sir See also:

Richard) See also:

WESTMACOTT, SIR RICHARD (1775-1856)

Westmacott was first employed to attack See also:

SARAN

Saran Sar, which was easily carried, but during the retirement the troops were hard pressed by the enemy and the casualties numbered sixty-four. On the 11th of See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November Saran Sar was again attacked by the See also:

BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade of Brigadier-General (afterwards Sir See also:

ALFRED

Alfred) Gaselee. Experience enabled better dispositions to be made, and the casualties were only three. The traversing of the valley continued, and on the 13th of November Brigadier-General Kempster's brigade visited the Waran valley via the Tseri Kandao Pass. Little difficulty was experienced during the advance, and several villages were destroyed; but on the 16th, during the return See also:

march, the rearguard was hotly engaged all See also:

day, and had to be relieved by fresh troops next See also:

MORNING

morning. -The casualties numbered seventy-two. Almost daily the Afridis, too See also:

wise to See also:

RISK

risk general engagements, waged a perpetual See also:

GUERRILLA (erroneously written " guerilla," being the diminutive of the Span. guerra, war)

guerrilla warfare, and the various bodies of troops engaged in foraging or survey duties were constantly attacked. On the 21st of November a brigade under Brigadier-General Westmacott was detached to visit the Rajgul valley. The road was exceedingly difficult and steady opposition was encountered. The See also:

OBJECTS

objects were accomplished, and the casualties during the retirement alone numbered twenty-three. The last important See also:

WORK

work under-taken was the See also:

PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment of the Chamkannis, Mamuzais and Massozais.

This was carried out by Brigadier-General Gaselee, who joined hands with the See also:

KURRAM

Kurram movable See also:

COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column ordered up for the purpose. The Mamuzais and Massozais submitted immediately, but the Chamkannis offered resistance on the 1st and 2nd of See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, the British casualties numbering about See also:

THIRTY

thirty. The Kurram column then returned to its See also:

CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp, and Sir W. Lockhart prepared to evacuate Tirah, despatching his two divisions by See also:

SEPARATE

separate routes—the 1st under Major-General W. See also:

Penn See also:

Symons (d. 1899) to return via the Mastura valley, destroying the forts on the way, and to join at Bara, within easy march of Peshawar; the 2nd See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division under Major-General Yeatman Biggs (d. 1898), and, accompanied by Sir W. See also:

Lock-See also:

hart, to move along the Bara valley. The base was thus to be transferred from Kohat to Peshawar. The return march began on the 9th of December. The See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold was intense, 21 degrees of See also:

frost being registered before leaving Tirah. The See also:

MOVEMENT

movement of the 1st division though arduous was practically unopposed, but the 40 See also:

MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles to be covered by the 2nd division were contested almost throughout.

The actual march down the Bara valley (34 miles) commenced on the loth, and involved four days of the hardest fighting and marching of the campaign. The roadcrossed and recrossed the icy stream, while See also:

SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow, See also:

SLEET (either from Nor. sletta, of the same meaning, or related to Ger. Schlosse, hailstone)

sleet and See also:

RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain See also:

fell constantly. On the loth the casualties numbered about twenty. On the lrth some fifty or sixty casualties were recorded among the troops, but many followers were killed or died of exposure, and quantities of stores were lost. On the 12th the column halted for See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest. On the 13th the march was resumed in improved See also:

WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather, though the cold was still severe. The rearguard was heavily engaged, and the casualties numbered about sixty. On the 14th, after further fighting, a junction with the Peshawar column was effected. The 1st division, aided by the Peshawar column, now took See also:

possession of the Khyber forts without opposition. Negotiations for See also:

peace were then begun with the Afridis, who under the See also:

THREAT

threat of another expedition into Tirah in the See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring at length agreed to pay the fines and to surrender the rifles demanded. The expeditionary force was broken up on the 4th of See also:

APRIL

April 1898. A memorable feature of this campaign was the presence in the fighting line of the Imperial Service native troops under their own See also:

OFFICERS

officers, while several of the best known of the Indian princes served on Sir W.

Lockhart's See also:

STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff. (C. J.

End of Article: TIRAH CAMPAIGN

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