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Durand Agreement of 1893. The government has given assurances to the Burhan Khel, Dawezai, Halimzai, Isa Khel, Tarakzai and Utmanzai sections of the Mohmands that they will not suffer by the severance of their See also:

ancient connexion with Afghanistan; and these are known as the Assured Clans. The tribe are Afghans by descent, and are more akin to the Yusafzais than any of their neighbours. The aspect of the Mohmand hills is exceedingly dreary, and the See also:

eye is everywhere met by dry ravines between See also:

long rows of rocky hills and crags, scantily clothed with coarse grass, scrubwood and the See also:

DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

dwarf See also:

palm. In summer See also:

GREAT

great want of See also:

WATER

water is See also:

FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt, and the See also:

DESERT

desert tracts radiate an intolerable See also:

HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat. This, coupled with the unhealthiness of the lowlands, probably accounts for the inferior physique of the Mohmands as compared with their Afridi and Shinwari neighbours, who in summer retire to the cool See also:

HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands of See also:

TIRAH

Tirah and the Safed Koh. The crops in the Mohmand hills are almost entirely dependent on the See also:

winter and autumn rains, and should these fail there is considerable See also:

DISTRESS

distress; but the Mohmands supplement this source of livelihood by a through See also:

trade on rafts along the See also:

KABUL

Kabul See also:

RIVER

river between the British districts and the See also:

hill-country beyond them. The exports are See also:

wax, hides, ghi and See also:

rice from Kunar, and See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron from Bajour; the imports are See also:

salt, See also:

CLOTH

cloth, See also:

paper, See also:

SOAP

soap, See also:

TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea, See also:

INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo, See also:

SUGAR

sugar, See also:

GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, See also:

TOBACCO

tobacco, needles, See also:

SCISSORS

scissors and other manufactures of See also:

CIVILIZATION

civilization. The Mohmands are characterized by great See also:

PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride and haughtiness, they See also:

bear a See also:

BAD, BCD

bad reputation for treachery and ruthless See also:

CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty, and are not as brave as their Afridi neighbours.

They number some 18,000 fighting men, giving roughly a See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of 65,000; but all the clans would never See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act together under any circumstances. British punitive expeditions have been sent against the Mohmands in 1851–52, 1854, 1864, 1879, x88o, but the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal operations were those of 1897. (T. H. H.*) See also:

CAMPAIGN

Campaign of 1897.-The See also:

YEAR

year 1897 witnessed an almost See also:

general outbreak among the tribes on the north-west frontier of India. The tribes involved were practically See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent, but the new frontier arranged with the amir of Afghanistan, and demarcated by See also:

Sir See also:

MORTIMER (Family)

Mortimer Durand's See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission of 1893–1894, brought them within the British See also:

SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence. The great dread of these high-spirited mountaineers was See also:

ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation, and the hostility shown during the demarcation led to the Waziri expedition of 1894. Other causes, however, contributed to bring about the outbreak of 1897. The easy victory of the See also:

TURKS

Turks over the Greeks gave rise to excitement throughout the See also:

MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

WORLD

world, and the publication by the amir of Afghanistan, in his assumed capacity of See also:

king of See also:

ISLAM

Islam, of a religious See also:

WORK

work, in portions of which fanatical antipathy to Christians was thinly veiled, aroused a warlike spirit among the border Mahommedans. The growing unrest was not recognized, and all appeared quiet, when, on the loth of See also:

JUNE

June 1897, a detachment of See also:

INDIAN

Indian troops escorting a British frontier officer was suddenly attacked during the See also:

mid-See also:

day See also:

HALT

halt in the Tochi valley, where, since the Waziri expedition of 1894–95, certain armed posts had been retained by the government of India. On the 29th of See also:

JULY

July, with equal suddenness, the fortified posts at Chakdara and Malakand, in the See also:

SWAT

Swat valley, which had been held since the See also:

CHITRAL

Chitral expedition of 1895, were for several days fiercely assailed by the usually peaceful Swatis under the leadership of the Mad See also:

MULLAH (Arabic maula, a term which originally expresses the legal bond connecting a former owner with his manumitted slave, both patron and client being called maula, and thus suggests the idea of patronage)

Mullah. On the 8th of See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August the See also:

VILLAGE

village of Shabkadar (Shankarghar), within a few See also:

MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles of Peshawar, and in British territory, was raided by the Mohmands, while the Afridis besieged the fortified posts on the Samana See also:

ridge, which had been maintained since the expeditions of 1888 and 1891.

Finally, the Afridis, within a few days, captured all the British posts in the Khyber Pass. A See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division commanded by See also:

Major-General Sir Bindon See also:

BLOOD

Blood was assembled at See also:

NOWSHERA, or NAUSHAHRA

Nowshera. The See also:

POST

post at Malakand was reached on the 1st of August, and on the following day Chakdara was relieved. The See also:

PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment of the Afridis was deferred till the preparations for the Tirah campaign (see TIRAH) could be completed. The Mohmands, however, could be immediately dealt with, and against them the two brigades of Sir Bindon Blood's division advanced from Malakand simultaneously with the See also:

MOVEMENT

movement of another division under Major-General (afterwards Sir See also:

Edmund) R. Elles from Peshawar; it was intended that the two columns should effect a junction in Bajour. About the 6th of See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September the two forces advanced, and Major-General Blood reached Nawagai on the 14th of September, having detached a See also:

BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade to See also:

CROSS

cross the Rambat Pass. This brigade being sharply attacked in See also:

CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp at Markhanai at the See also:

FOOT

foot of the pass on the See also:

NIGHT

night of the 14th, was ordered to turn northwards and punish the tribesmen of the See also:

MAMUND

Mamund valley. On the 15th Brigadier-(afterwards Major-) General See also:

JEFFREYS, GEORGE JEFFREYS, 1ST BARON (1648-1689)

Jeffreys camped at Inayat Killa, and on the following day he moved up the Mamund valley in three columns, which met with strong resistance. A retirement was ordered, the tribesmen following, and when darkness See also:

fell the general, with a See also:

BATTERY (Fr. batterie, from battles, to beat)

battery and a small escort, was cut off, and with difficulty defended some buildings until relieved.' The casualties in this See also:

ACTION

action numbered 149. This partial See also:

REVERSE

reverse placed General Blood in a position of some difficulty. He deter-See also:

MINED

mined, however, to remain at Nawagai, awaiting the arrival of General ':.See also:

ALES (ALEsIus), ALEXANDER (1500-1565)

ales, and sent orders to General See also:

JEFFREY, FRANCIS JEFFREY

Jeffrey, to prosecute the operations in the Mamund valley.

From the 18th to the 23rd these operations were carried on successfully, several villages being burned, and the Mamunds were disheartened. Mean-while, the camp at Nawagai was heavily attacked on the night of the loth by about 4000 men belonging to the Hadda Mullah's following. The attack was repulsed with loss, and on the 21st Generals Blood and Elles met at Lakarai. The junction having been effected, the latter, in accordance with the See also:

SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme, advanced to See also:

DEAL

deal with the Upper Mohmands in the Jarobi and Koda Khel valleys, and they were soon brought to See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason by his well-conducted operations. The work of the Peshawar division was now accomplished, and it returned to take part in the Tirah campaign. Its See also:

TOTAL

total casualties were about 30 killed and wounded. On the 22nd General Blood joined General Jeffreys, and on the 24th he started with his See also:

STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff for Panjkora. On the 27th General Jeffreys resumed punitive operations in the Mamund valley, destroying numerous villages. On the 3oth he encountered strong opposition at Agrah, and had 61 casualties. On the 2nd of See also:

OCTOBER

October General Blood arrived at Inayat Killa with reinforcements, and on the 11th the Mamunds tendered their submission. The total British loss in the Mamund valley was 282 out of a force which never exceeded 1200 men. After marching into See also:

BUNER

Buner, and revisiting the scenes of the Umbeyla expedition of 1863, the Malakand See also:

field-force was broken up on the 21st of See also:

JANUARY

January.

The See also:

OBJECTS

objects of the expedition were completely ttained, in spite of the great natural difficulties of the country. The employment of imperial service troops with the Peshawar See also:

COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column marked a new departure in frontier See also:

CAMPAIGNS

campaigns. (C. J.

End of Article: MOHMAND

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