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hardy hillmen. Previous estimates put the number far higher, but as the Mehtar assesses his fighting strength at 8000 only, this number is probably not far wrong. Both the state and its See also:

capital are called Chitral, the latter being situated about 47 M. from the See also:

main See also:

WATERSHED

watershed of the range of the Hindu Kush, which divides the See also:

WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters flowing down to India from those which take their way into the See also:

OXUS

Oxus. Chitral is an important state because of its situation at the extremity of the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country over which the See also:

government of India exerts its See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, and for some years before 1895 it had been the See also:

OBJECT

object of the policy of the government of India to See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control the See also:

EXTERNAL

external affairs of Chitral in a direction friendly to See also:

BRITISH

British interests, to secure an effective guardianship over its See also:

NORTHERN

northern passes, and to keep See also:

WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch over what goes on beyond these passes. This policy resulted in a British agency being established at See also:

GILGIT

Gilgit (See also:

KASHMIR, or CASHMERE

Kashmir territory), with a subordinate agency in Chitral, the latter being usually stationed at Mastuj (65 m. nearer to Gilgit than the Chitral capital), and occasional visits being paid to the capital. Chitral can be reached either by the See also:

long circuitous route from Gilgit, involving 200 M. of See also:

hill roads and the passage of the Shandur pass (12,250 ft.), or (more directly) from the See also:

PESHAWAR

Peshawar frontier at Malakand by See also:

LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo m. of route through the See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent territories of See also:

SWAT

Swat and See also:

BAJOUR, or BAJAUR

Bajour, involving the passage of the Lowarai (10,450 ft.). It is held by a small force as a British outpost. The See also:

DISTRICT

district of Chitral is called See also:

KASHGAR

Kashgar (or Kashkar) by the See also:

PEOPLE

people of the country; and as it was under See also:

CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese domination in the See also:

MIDDLE

middle of the 18th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and was regarded as a Buddhist centre of some importance by the Chinese pilgrims in the See also:

early centuries of our era, it is possible that it then existed as an outlying district of the Kashgar province of Chinese See also:

Turkestan, where See also:

BUDDHISM

Buddhism once flourished in cities that have been long since buried beneath the See also:

sand-waves of the Takla Make n. The aboriginal population of the Chitral valley is probably to be recognized in the people called Kho (speaking a See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language called Khowar), who See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form the See also:

MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of its inhabitants. Upon the Kho a people called Ronas have been superimposed. The Ronas, who form the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

CASTE (through the Fr. from Span. and Port. casta, lineage, Lat. cast us, pure)

caste and fighting See also:

RACE

race of the Chitral districts, originally came from the north, but they have adopted the language and fashions of the conquered Chitrali.

The See also:

TOWN

town of Chitral (pop. in 1901, 8128), is chiefly famous for a See also:

SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege which it sustained in the See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1895. Owing to complications arising from the demarcation of the boundary of See also:

AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan which was being carried out at that See also:

time, and the ambitious projects of Umra See also:

KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

Khan, chief of Jandol, which was a See also:

TOOL (0. Eng. tdl, generally referred to a root seen in the Goth. taujan, to make, or in the English word " taw," to work or dress leather)

tool in the hands of Sher Afzul, a See also:

POLITICAL

political refugee from Chitral supported by the See also:

AMIR, or AMEER (an Arabic word meaning " commander," from the root amr, " commanding ")

amir at See also:

KABUL

Kabul, the mehtar (or ruler) of Chitral was murdered, and a small British and See also:

SIKH

Sikh See also:

garrison subsequently besieged in the fort. A large force of Afghan troops was at that time in the Chitral See also:

RIVER

river valley to the See also:

south of Chitral, nominally holding the Kafirs in check during the progress of boundary demarcation. It is considered probable that some of them assisted the Chitralis in the siege. The position of the political See also:

AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent Dr See also:

Robertson (afterwards See also:

Sir See also:

George Robertson) and his military force of 543 men (of whom 137 were non-combatants) was at one time See also:

CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical. Two forces were organized for the See also:

RELIEF

relief. One was under Sir R. See also:

Low, with 15,00c men, who advanced by way of the Malakand pass, the Swat river and See also:

Dir. The other, which was the first to reach Chitral, was under See also:

COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel See also:

Kelly, commanding the 32nd Pioneers, who was placed in command of all the troops in the Gilgit district, numbering about 600 all told, with two guns, and instructed to advance by the Shandur pass and Mastuj. This force encountered See also:

GREAT

great difficulties owing to the deep See also:

SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow on the pass (12,230 ft. high), but it easily defeated the Chitrali force opposed to it and relieved Chitral on the loth of See also:

APRIL

April, the siege having begun on the 4th of See also:

March. Sher Afzul, who had joined Umra Khan, surrendered, and eventually Chitral was restored to British political control as a dependency of Kashmir. During See also:

Lord Curzon 's See also:

VICE

vice-See also:

ROYALTY (0. Fr. realte, reialte, royaulte, from Med. Lat. regalitas, the substantive of regalis, of or belonging to a king, rex)

royalty the British troops were concentrated at the extreme See also:

SOUTHERN

southern end of the Chitral country at Kila Drosh and the force was reduced, while the posts vacated and all outlying posts were handed over to levies raised for the purpose from the Chitralis themselves.

The troops in Swat were also concentrated at Chakdara and reduced in strength. The mehtar, Shuja-ul-Mulk, who was installed in See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1895, visited the See also:

DELHI, DEHLI

Delhi See also:

DURBAR

durbar in See also:

JANUARY

January 1903. See Sir George Robertson, Chitral (1898). (T. H.

End of Article: CHITRAL

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