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day is the Indus of the 'fifties —modified only in some interesting particulars. It Indus of has been bridged at several important points. There the plains. are See also:

bridges even in its upper See also:

mountain courses. There is a wooden See also:

PIER (older forms per or Pere, from Med. Lat. pera; the word for piers out of water. For river piers, where a firm, watertight is of obscure origin, and the connexion with Fr. Pierre, Lat. stratum is found at a moderate depth below the river-bed, the pctr

pier See also:

BRIDGE

bridge at See also:

Leh of two spans, and there are native suspension bridges of See also:

CANE

cane or twig-made rope swaying uneasily across the stream at many points intervening between Leh and Bunji; but the first See also:

ENGLISH

English-made See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

sus-See also:

PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension bridge is a little above Bunji, linking up the highroad between See also:

KASHMIR, or CASHMERE

Kashmir and Gilgit. Next occurs the iron girder railway bridge at See also:

ATTOCK

Attock, connecting See also:

RAWALPINDI

Rawalpindi with See also:

PESHAWAR

Peshawar, at which point the river narrows almost to a See also:

GORGE

gorge, only 900 ft. above See also:

sea-level. Twenty miles below Attock the river has carved out a central trough which is believed to be 18o ft. deep. See also:

FORTY

Forty miles below Attock another See also:

GREAT

great bridge has been constructed at See also:

KUSHALGARH

Kushalgarh, which carries the railway to See also:

KOHAT

Kohat and the See also:

KURRAM

Kurram valley.

At Mari, beyond the See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges which continue from Kushalgarh to the See also:

BORDERS, THE

borders of the Kohat See also:

DISTRICT

district, on the See also:

SIND

Sind-See also:

SAGAR

Sagar See also:

LINE

line, a See also:

BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat-bridge leads to See also:

KALABAGH

Kalabagh (the See also:

Salt See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city) and northwards to Kohat. Another boat-bridge opposite Dera See also:

ISMAIL (1830-1895)

Ismail See also:

KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

Khan connects that See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place with the railway; but there is nothing new in these See also:

SOUTHERN

southern sections of the Indus valley railway See also:

SYSTEM

system except the extraordinary development of cultivation in their immediate neighbourhood. The See also:

Lansdowne bridge at See also:

SUKKUR, or SA

Sukkur, whose huge cantilevers stand up as a See also:

MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of British enterprise visible over the See also:

FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat plains for many miles around, is one of the greatest triumphs of Indian bridge-making., See also:

KOTRI

Kotri has recently been connected with See also:

Hyderabad in Sind, and the Indus is now one of the best-bridged See also:

rivers in India. The intermittent See also:

NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation which was maintained by the survivals of the Indus flotilla as far See also:

north as Dera Ismail Khan See also:

long after the See also:

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the railway system has ceased to exist with the See also:

DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the See also:

FLEET

fleet, and the high-sterned flat Indus boats once again have the channels and sandbanks of the river all to themselves. Within the limits of Sind the vagaries of the Indus channels have necessitated a fresh survey of the entire riverain. The results, however, indicate not so much a marked departure in the See also:

general course of the river as a great variation in the channel beds within what may be termed its outside banks. Collaterally much new See also:

INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information has been obtained about the ancient beds of the river, the sites of ancient cities and the extraordinary developments of the Indus See also:

DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta. The changing channels of the See also:

main stream since those prehistoric days when a See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of it found its way to the Runn of See also:

Cutch, through successive stages of its See also:

GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual shift westwards—a See also:

PROCESS

process of displacement which marked the disappearance of many populous places which were more or less dependent on the river for their See also:

WATER

water See also:

SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply—to the last and greatest See also:

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of all, when the stream burst its way through the See also:

LIMESTONE

limestone ridges of Sukkur and assumed a course which has been fairly See also:

CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant for 150 years, have all been traced out with systematic care by See also:

MODERN

modern surveyors till the See also:

MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

HISTORY

history of the great river has been fully gathered from the characters written on the delta See also:

SURFACE

surface. That such changes of river See also:

bed and channel should have occurred within a comparatively limited See also:

period of See also:

time is the less astonishing if we remember that the Indus, like many of the greatest rivers of the See also:

WORLD

world, carries down sufficient detritus to raise its own bed above the general level of the surrounding plains in an appreciable and measurable degree. At the See also:

PRESENT

present time the bed of the Indus is stated to be 70 ft. above the plains of the Sind frontier, some 5o m. to the See also:

west of it. The See also:

TOTAL

total length of the Indus, measured directly, is about 1500 m. With its many curves and windings it stretches to about 2000 m., the See also:

STATISTICS

statistics. See also:

AREA

area of its See also:

basin being computed at 372,000 sq. m.

Even at its lowest in See also:

winter it is 500 ft. wide at Iskardo (near the Gilgit junction) and 9 or to ft. deep. The temperature of the surface water during the See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season in the plains is found to be 5° below that of the See also:

air (64° and 69° F.). At the beginning of the hot season, when the river is bringing down See also:

SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow water, the difference is 14° (87° and tor° See also:

JUNE

June). At greater depths the difference is still greater. At Attock, where the river narrows between rocky banks, a height of 50 ft. in the See also:

Hood season above lowest level is See also:

COMMON

common, with a velocity of 13 m. per See also:

HOUR

hour. The See also:

RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record rise (since British occupation of the Punjab) is 8o ft. At its junction with the Panjnad (the combined rivers of the Punjab See also:

east of the Indus) the Panjnad is twice the width of the Indus, but its mean See also:

DEPTH

depth is less, and its velocity little more than one-third. This See also:

DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge of the Panjnad at See also:

low season is 69,000 cubic ft. per second, that of the Indus 92,000. Below the junction the See also:

UNITED

united discharge in See also:

flood season is 380,000 cubic ft., rising to 460,000 (the record in See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August). The Indus after receiving the other rivers carries down into Sind, in the high flood season, turbid water containing silt to the amount of q10 part by See also:

WEIGHT

weight, or 4 }o by See also:

VOLUME

volume—equal to 648o millions of cubic ft. in the three months of flood. This is rather less than the See also:

GANGES (GANGA)

Ganges carries. The silt is very See also:

FINE

fine See also:

sand and See also:

clay.

Unusual floods, owing to landslips or other exceptional causes, are not infrequent. The most disastrous flood of this nature occurred in 1858. It was then that the river See also:

rose 8o ft. at Attock. The most striking result of the rise was the reversal of the current of the See also:

KABUL

Kabul river, which flowed backwards at the See also:

RATE

rate of lo m. per hour, flooding See also:

NOWSHERA, or NAUSHAHRA

Nowshera and causing immense damage to See also:

PROPERTY

property. The prosperity of the See also:

province of Sind depends almost entirely on the See also:

WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the Indus, as its various systems of canals command over nine million acres out of a cultivable area of twelve and a See also:

HALF

half million acres. See. Maclagan, Proceedings R.G.S., vol. iii.; Haig, The Indus' Della See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

Country (See also:

LONDON

London, 1894); See also:

Godwin-See also:

AUSTEN, JANE (1775-1817)

Austen, Proceedings R.G.S.. vol. vi. (T. H.

End of Article: GILGIT

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