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harbour, where a detachment of the classis Misenas was stationed. In the 4th and 5th centuries it was probably the seat of the praeses Sardiniae. It is mentioned as an important harbour in the See also:

GOTHIC

Gothic and Gildonic See also:

WARS

wars. It was also the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief point of the road See also:

SYSTEM

system of Sardinia. Roads ran hence to See also:

Olbia by the east coast, and through the centre of the island, to Othoca (See also:

ORISTANO

Oristano) See also:

DIRECT

direct, and thence to Olbia (probably the most frequented route), through the See also:

MINING

mining See also:

DISTRICT

district to See also:

SULCI

Sulci and along the south and west coasts to Othoca. The See also:

hill occupied by the See also:

PISAN, CHRISTINE DE (1364-c. 1430)

Pisan fortifications and the See also:

MEDIEVAL

medieval town within them must have been the See also:

ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

acropolis of the Carthaginian See also:

settlement; it is impossible to suppose that a citadel presenting such natural advantages was not occupied. The See also:

Romans, too, probably made use of it, though the See also:

LOWER

lower quarters were mainly occupied in imperial times.

A. Taramelli (Notizie degli Scavi, 1905, 41 seq.) rightly points out that the See also:

NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of the Roman See also:

MUNICIPIUM (Lat. munus, a duty or privilege, capere, to take)

municipium is probably represented by the present See also:

QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the Marina, in which the streets intersect at right angles and Roman remains are frequently found in the subsoil. An inscription found some way to the north towards the See also:

AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre speaks of paving in the squares and streets, and of drains constructed under See also:

DOMITIAN (Thus FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS)

Domitian in A. D. 83 (F. Vivanet in Notizie degli Scavi, 1897, 279). The amphitheatre occupies a natural depression in the See also:

rock just below the acropolis, and open towards the See also:

sea with a fine view. Its axes are 951 and 79 yds., and it is in the See also:

main cut in the rock, though some parts of it are built with See also:

concrete. Below it, to the south, are considerable remains of ancient reservoirs for See also:

RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain-See also:

WATER

water, upon which the city entirely depended. This nucleus extended both to the east and to the west; in the former direction it ran some way inland, on the east of the See also:

castle hill. Here were the ambulationes or public promenades constructed by the See also:

pro-See also:

consul Q. See also:

CAECILIUS

Caecilius See also:

METELLUS

Metellus before A.D.

6 (Corp. Inscrip. See also:

Lat. x., See also:

Berlin, 1883, No. 7581). Here also, not far from the See also:

SHORE

shore, the, remains of Roman See also:

BATHS

baths, with a fine coloured See also:

MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic See also:

PAVEMENT (Lat. pavimentu;n, a floor beaten or rammed hard, from pavire, to beat)

pavement, representing deities See also:

RIDING

riding on marine monsters, were found in 1907. To the east was the See also:

NECROPOLIS

necropolis of Bonaria, where both Punic and Roman tombs exist, and where, on the site of the present cemetery, See also:

Christian catacombs have been discovered (F. Vivanet in Notizie degli Scavi, 1892, 183 seq.; G. Pinza in Nuovo Bullettino di Archeologia Cristiana, 19o1, 61 seq.). But the western quarter seems to have been far more important; it extended along the See also:

LAGOON (Fr. lagune, Lat. lacuna, a pool)

lagoon of S. Gilla (which lies to the north-west of the town, and which until the See also:

MIDDLE

middle ages was an open See also:

bay) and on the lower slopes of the hill which rises above it. The chief discoveries which have been made are noted by Taramelli (loc. cit.) and include some important buildings, of which a large Roman See also:

house (or See also:

GROUP

group of houses) is the only one now visible (G. Spano in Notizie degli Scavi, 1876, 148, 173; 1877, 285; 188o, 105, 405).

Beyond this quarter begins an extensive Roman necropolis extending along the edge of the hill north-east of the high road leading to the north-west; the most important See also:

TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb is the so-called Grotta delle Vipere, the rock-hewn tomb of See also:

Cassius See also:

PHILIPPUS, MARCUS JULIUS

Philippus and Atilia Pomptilla, the sides of which are covered with See also:

INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions (Corpus Inscr. Lat. x., Berlin, 1883, Nos. .7563-7578) . Other tombs are also to be found on the high ground near the Punic tombs already mentioned. The latter are hewn perpendicularly in the rock, while the Roman tombs are See also:

chambers excavated horizontally., In the lagoon itself were found a large number of terra cottas, made of See also:

LOCAL

local See also:

clay, some being masks of both divinities and men (among them grotesques) others representing hands and feet, others various animals, and of amphorae of various sizes and other vases. Some of the amphorae contained animals' bones, possibly the remains of sacrifices., These See also:

OBJECTS

objects are of the Punic See also:

period; they were all found in See also:

groups, and had apparently been arranged on a See also:

PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform of piles in what was then a bay, in readiness for shipment (F. Vivanet in Notizie degli Scavi, 1893, 255). It is probable that the acropolis of Carales was occupied even in prehistoric times; ,but more abundant traces of prehistoric settlements (pottery and fragments of See also:

OBSIDIAN

obsidian, also See also:

KITCHEN (O.E. cycene; this and other cognate forms, such as Dutch keuken, Ger. Kiuche, Dan. kokken, Fr. cuisine, are formed from the Low Lat. cucina, Lat. coquina, coquere, to cook)

kitchen middens, containing bones of animals and shells of molluscs used for human See also:

food) have been found on the See also:

CAPO

Capo S. Elia to the south-east of the See also:

MODERN

modern town (see A. Taramelli in Notizie degli Scavi, 1904, 19 seq.). An inscription records the existence of a See also:

temple of See also:

VENUS

Venus Erycina on this promontory in Roman times. The museum contains an interesting collection of objects from many of the sites mentioned, and also from other parts of the island; it is in fact the most important in Sardinia, and is especially strong in prehistoric bronzes (see SARDINIA).

For the Roman inscriptions see C. I. L. cit., Nos. 7552-7807.

End of Article: CARALES (Gr. KapaXts, mod. Cagliari, q. v.)

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