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See also:CROLL, See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
JAMES (1821-1890) , Scottish See also:man of See also:science, was See also:born of a See also:peasant See also:family at Little See also:Whitefield, in the See also:parish of See also:Cargill, in See also:Perthshire, on the 2nd of See also:January 1821. He was regarded as an unpromising boy, but a trifling circumstance aroused a See also:passion for See also:reading, and he made See also:great progress in self-See also:education. He was apprenticed to a wheelwright at Collace in Perthshire, but being debarred by See also:ill-See also:health from See also:manual labour, he became successively a See also:shop-keeper and an See also:insurance See also:agent. In 1859 he was made keeper of the Andersonian Museum in See also:Glasgow, a humble See also:appointment, which, however, gave him congenial occupation. In 1857, being deeply impressed by the See also:metaphysics of See also:Jonathan See also:- EDWARDS, AMELIA ANN BLANDFORD (1831-1892)
- EDWARDS, BELA BATES (18o2-1852)
- EDWARDS, BRYAN (1743–1800)
- EDWARDS, GEORGE (1693–1773)
- EDWARDS, HENRY THOMAS (1837–1884)
- EDWARDS, JONATHAN (1703—1758)
- EDWARDS, LEWIS (1806–1887 )
- EDWARDS, RICHARD (c. 1523–1566)
- EDWARDS, T
- EDWARDS, THOMAS CHARLES (1837–1900)
Edwards, he had published an See also:anonymous See also:volume entitled The See also:Philosophy of See also:Theism; but his connexion with the Museum induced him to take up See also:physical science, and from 1861 onwards he studied with such perseverance that he was enabled to contribute papers to the Philosophical See also:Magazine and other See also:journals. For that magazine in 1864 he wrote his celebrated See also:essay " On the Physical Cause of the Changes of See also:Climate during See also:Geological Epochs." This led to his receiving an appointment on the Scottish Geological Survey in 1867, and for thirteen years he took See also:charge of the See also:Edinburgh See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
Office. In 1875 he summed up his researches upon the See also:ancient See also:condition of the See also:earth in his Climate and See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
Time, in their Geological Relations, in which he contends that terrestrial revolutions are due in a measure to cosmical causes. This theory excited warm controversy. Croll's replies to his opponents are collected in his Climate and Cosmology (1885). He had been compelled by ill-health to withdraw from the public service in 188o; yet, working under the greatest difficulties, and harassed by the inadequacy of his retiring See also:pension, he managed to produce Stellar See also:Evolution, discussing, among other things, the See also:age of the . See also:sun, in 1889; and The Philosophical Basis of Evolution, partly a critique of See also:Herbert See also:Spencer's philosophy, in 189o. He died on the 15th of See also:December 189o. The soundness of Croll's astronomical theory regarding the glacial .See also:period has since been criticized by E. P. Culverwell in the Geological Magazine for 1895, and by others; and it is now generally abandoned. Nevertheless it must be admitted that his See also:character as a scientific worker under great discouragements was nothing less than heroic. The hon. degree of LL.D. was conferred on him in 1876 by the university of St See also:Andrews; and he was elected F.R.S. in the same See also:year.
An Autobiographical See also:Sketch of James Croll, with Memoir of his See also:Life and See also:Work, was prepared by J. C. Irons, and published in 1896.
End of Article: CROLL, JAMES (1821-1890)
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