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See also:ELVIRA, See also:SYNOD OF , an ecclesiastical synod held in See also:Spain, the date of which cannot be determined with exactness. The See also:solution of the question hinges upon the See also:- INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)
interpretation of the canons, that is, upon whether they are to be taken as reflecting a See also:recent, or as pointing to an imminent, persecution. Thus some argue for a date between 300 and 303, i.e. before the See also:Diocletian persecution; others for a date between 303 and 314, after the persecution; but before the synod of See also:Arles; still others for a date between the synod of Arles and the See also:council of See also:Nicaea, 325. Mansi, See also:Hardouin, See also:Hefele and See also:Dale are in substantial agreement upon 305 or 306, and this is probably the closest approximation possible in the See also:present See also:state of the See also:evidence. The See also:place of See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting, Elvira, was not far from the See also:modern See also:Granada, if not, as Dale thinks, actually identical with it. There the nineteen bishops and twenty-four presbyters, from alLparts of Spain, but chiefly from the See also:south, assembled, probably at the instigation of See also:Hosius of See also:Cordova, but under the See also:presidency of See also:Felix of Accis, with a view to restoring See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order and discipline in the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church. The eighty-one canons which were adopted reflect with considerable fulness the See also:internal See also:life and See also:external relations of the See also:Spanish Church of the 4th See also:century. The social environment of Christians may be inferred from the canons prohibiting See also:marriage and other intercourse with See also:Jews, pagans and heretics, closing the offices of See also:flamen and duumvir to Christians, forbidding all contact with See also:idolatry and likewise participation in See also:pagan festivals and public See also:games. The state of morals is mirrored in the canons denouncing prevalent vices. The canons respecting the See also:clergy exhibit the clergy as already a See also:special class with See also:peculiar privileges, a more exacting moral See also:standard, heavier penalties for delinquency. The See also:bishop has acquired See also:control of the sacraments, presbyters and deacons acting only under his orders; the episcopate appears as a unit, bishops being See also:bound to respect one another's disciplinary decrees. Worthy of special See also:note are See also:canon 33, enjoining See also:celibacy upon all clerics and all who See also:minister at the See also:altar (the most See also:ancient canon of celibacy); canon 36, forbidding pictures in churches; canon 38, permitting See also:lay See also:baptism under certain conditions; and canon 53, forbidding one bishop to restore a See also:person excommunicated by another.
See Mansi ii. pp. 1-406; Hardouin i. pp. 247-258; Hefele (2nd ed.) i. pp. 148 sqq. (See also:English See also:translation, i. pp. 131 sqq.); Dale, The Synod of Elvira (See also:London, 1882) ; and Hennecke, in See also:Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie (3rd ed.), s.v. " Elvira," especially bibliography. (T. F. C.)
EL See also:WAD, a See also:town in the Algerian See also:Sahara, 125 M. in a straight See also:line S.S.E. of See also:Biskra, and 190 M. W. by S. of See also:Gabes. Pop. (1906) 7586. El Wad is one of the most interesting places in See also:Algeria. It is surrounded by huge hollows containing See also:noble See also:palm groves; and beyond these on every See also:side stretches the limitless desertwith its See also:great billows of See also:sand, the encroachments of which on the See also:oasis are only held at See also:bay by ceaseless toil. The town itself consists of a See also:mass of one-storeyed See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone houses, each surmounted by a little See also:dome, clustering See also:round the See also:market-place with its See also:mosque and See also:minaret. By an exception rare in Saharan settlements, there are no defensive See also:works See also:save the fort containing the See also:government offices, which the See also:French have built on the south side of the town. The inhabitants are of two distinct tribes, one, the Aduan, of See also:Berber stock, the other a See also:branch of the Sha'ambah See also:Arabs. El Wad possesses a curious currency known as flous, consisting of obsolete See also:copper coins of Algerian and Tunisian dynasties. Seven flous are regarded as equal to the French five-centime piece.
El Wad oasis is one of a See also:group known collectively as the Suf. Five See also:miles N.W. is Kuinine (pop. 3541) and 6 m. farther N.W. Guemar (pop. 6885), an ancient fortified town noted for its manufacture of carpets. See also:Linen See also:weaving is carried on extensively in the Suf. Administratively El Wad is the See also:capital of an annexe to the territory of See also:Tuggurt.
End of Article: ELVIRA, SYNOD OF
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