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HORNBEAM (Carpinus betulus)

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Originally appearing in Volume V13, Page 706 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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HORNBEAM (Carpinus betulus)

HORNBEAM (Carpinus betulus) , a member of a small genus of trees of the natural See also:

order Corylaceae. The Latin name Carpinus has been thought to be derived from the See also:

CELTIC

Celtic See also:

CAR (Late Lat. carra)

car, See also:

wood, and See also:

PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

pin or See also:

PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen, See also:

head, the wood of hornbeams having been used for See also:

YOKES

yokes of See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle (see Loudon, Ency. of Pl. p. 792, new ed. 1855, and See also:

LITTRE, MAXIMILIEN PAUL SMILE (1801-1881)

Littre, See also:

DIET

Diet. ii. 556). The See also:

COMMON

common hornbeam, or yoke-See also:

ELM

elm, Carpinus betulus (Ger. Hornbaum and Hornbuche, Fr. charme), is indigenous in the temperate parts of western See also:

ASIA

Asia and of Asia See also:

Minor, and in See also:

EUROPE

Europe, where it ranges as high as 55° and 56° N. See also:

LAT

lat. It is common in See also:

woods and hedges in parts of See also:

WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales and of the See also:

south of See also:

England. The See also:

TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk is usually flattened, and See also:

TWISTED

twisted as though composed of several stems See also:

UNITED

united; the bark is smooth and See also:

LIGHT

light See also:

grey; and the leaves are in two rows, 2 to 3 in. See also:

long, elliptic-ovate, doubly toothed, pointed, numerously ribbed, hairy below and opaque, and not glossy as in the See also:

BEECH

beech, have See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short stalks and when See also:

young are plaited. The stipules of the leaves See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as protecting See also:

scale-leaves in the See also:

winter-bud and fall when the bud opens in See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring. The See also:

FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers appear with the leaves in See also:

APRIL

April and May. The male catkins are about 14 in. long, and have See also:

PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale-yellow anthers, bearing tufts of hairs at the See also:

APEX

apex; the See also:

FEMALE

female attain a length in the fruiting See also:

STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of 2 to 4 in., with bracts 1 to See also:

R2(rt-s2)

r2 in. long.

The See also:

green and angular See also:

FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit or " See also:

nut " ripens in See also:

OCTOBER

October; it is about 4 in. in length, is in shape like a small See also:

CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut, and is enclosed in leafy, 3-lobed bracts. The hornbeam thrives well on stiff, clayey, moist soils, into which its roots penetrate deeply; on See also:

CHALK

chalk or See also:

GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel it does not flourish. Raised from See also:

SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed it may become a See also:

tree 40 to as much as 70 ft. in height, greatly resembling the beech, except ' See the description of the See also:

INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument and of other attempts to obtain the same result by Gottfried See also:

Weber, " Wichtige Verbesserung See also:

DES

des Horns " in Allg. musik. Ztg. (See also:

LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1812), pp. 758, Ste.; also 1815, pp. 637 and 638 (the See also:

REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent or keyed See also:

BUGLE

bugle). 2 See Allg. musik. Ztg., 1815, May, p. 309, the first announcement of the invention in a See also:

PARAGRAPH

paragraph by See also:

CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain G. B. Bierey.

Ibid., 1817, p. 814, by F. See also:

Schneider, and 'Dec. p. 558; 1818, 531. An announcement of the invention and of a patent granted For the same for ten years, in which Bliimel is for the first See also:

time associated with Stolzel as co-inventor. See also See also:

Caecilia (See also:

MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, 1835), Bd. xvii. pp. 73 seq., with illustrations, an excellent See also:

ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article by Gottfried Weber on the See also:

VALVE (Lat. valva, a leaf of a double or folding door, allied to volvere, to roll, as of a door on its hinges)

valve See also:

horn and valve See also:

trumpet. 'For a very See also:

COMPLETE

complete exposition of the operation of valves in the horn, and of the mathematical proportions to be observed in construction, see See also:

Victor Mahillon's " Le See also:

COE

Coe," also the article by Gottfried Weber in Caecilia (1835), to which reference was made above. A See also:

list of horn-players of See also:

note during the 18th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century is given by C. Gottlieb Murr In See also:

Journal f. Kunstgeschichte (See also:

NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

Nuremberg, 1776), vol. ii. p. 27.

See also a See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good description of the See also:

style of playing of the virtuoso J. Nisle in 1767 in See also:

SCHUBART, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH DANIEL (1739-1791)

Schubart, Aesthetik d. Tonkunst, p. 161, and Leben it. Gesinnungen (1791), Bd. ii. p. 92; or in L. Schiedermair, " See also:

Die Bliitezeit d. Ottingen-Wallensteinschen Hofkapelle," Intern. See also:

MUS

Mus. Ges. Smbd. ix. (I), 1907, pp.

83-13o.in its rounder and closer head. It is, however, rarely grown as a See also:

TIMBER

timber-tree, its See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief employment being for hedges. " In the single See also:

ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row," says See also:

EVELYN, JOHN (1620-1706)

Evelyn (Sylva, p. 29, 1664), " it makes the noblest and the stateliest hedges for long Walks in Gardens or Parks, of any Tree whatsoever whose leaves are See also:

DECIDUOUS (from Lat. decidere, to fall down)

deciduous." As it bears clipping well, it-was formerly much used in geometric gardening. The branches should not be lopped in spring, on See also:

account of their tendency to bleed at that See also:

SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season. The wood of the hornbeam is See also:

white and See also:

close-grained, and polishes See also:

ILL

ill, is of considerable tenacity and little flexibility, and is extremely tough and hard to See also:

WORK

work—whence, according to See also:

Gerard, the name of the tree. It has been found to lose about 8% of its See also:

WEIGHT

weight by drying. As a See also:

FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel it is excellent; and its See also:

CHARCOAL

charcoal is much esteemed for making See also:

GUNPOWDER

gunpowder. The inner See also:

PART

part of the bark of the hornbeam is stated by See also:

LINNAEUS

Linnaeus to afford a yellow dye. In See also:

France the leaves serve as See also:

FODDER

fodder. The tree is a favourite with See also:

HARES

hares and rabbits, and the seedlings are See also:

APT

apt to be destroyed by mice. See also:

Pliny (Nat.

Hist. See also:

XXVI

xxvi. 26), who describes its wood as red and easily split, classes the hornbeam with maples. The See also:

AMERICAN

American hornbeam, See also:

BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue or See also:

WATER

water beech, is Car pinus americana (also known as C. caroliniana); the common See also:

HOP (Ger. Hopfen, Fr. houblon)

hop-hornbeam, a native of the south of Europe, is a member of a closely allied genus, Ostrya vulgaris, the allied American See also:

SPECIES

species, O. virginiana, is also known as See also:

IRONWOOD

ironwood from its very hard, tight, close-grained wood.

End of Article: HORNBEAM (Carpinus betulus)

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