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BUGLE

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Originally appearing in Volume V04, Page 761 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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BUGLE , BUGLE-See also:

HORN, KEYED BUGLE, See also:KENT BUGLE Or See also:REGENT'S BUGLE (Fr. Bugle, See also:Clairon, See also:Cor a clefs, Bugle a clefs; Ger. Flugelhorn, Signalhorn, Bugelhorn, Klappenhorn, Kenthorn; Ital. Corna cromatica), a See also:treble See also:brass See also:wind See also:instrument with See also:cup-shaped See also:mouthpiece and conical See also:bore, used as a military See also:duty and See also:signal instrument. The bugle was originally, as its name denotes, a See also:bull's horn,' of which it has preserved the characteristic conical bore of rapidly increasing See also:diameter. Those members of the brass wind such as the horns, bugle, See also:trumpet and tubas, which, in their simplest See also:form, consist of tubes without lateral openings, depend for their See also:scale on the See also:harmonic See also:series obtained by overblowing, i.e. by greater pressure of breath and by the increased tension of the lips, acting as reeds, across the mouth-piece. The harmonic series thus produced, which depends on the Fio. 1.—Modern Service acoustic principles of the See also:tube Bugle, See also:British See also:Army (See also:Charles itself, and is absolutely uninfluenced Mahillon). by the manner in which the tube is See also:bent, forms a natural subdivision in classifying these See also:instruments:—(r) Those in which the See also:lower harmonics from the second to the See also:sixth or eighth are employed, such as the bugle, See also:post-horn, the See also:cornet a pistons, the See also:trombone. (2) Those in which the higher harmonics from the third or See also:fourth to the twelfth or sixteenth are mostly used, such as the See also:French horn and trumpet. (3) Those which give out the fundamental See also:tone and harmonics up to the eighth, such as the tubas and See also:ophicleide. Harmonic Series Trumpet.

-0 2 We thus find a fundamental difference between the trumpet and the bugle as regards the harmonic series. But although, to the casual beholder, these instruments may See also:

present a See also:general similarity, there are other important structural distinctions. The tube of the trumpet is cylindrical, widening only at the See also:bell, whereas that of the bugle, as stated above, is conical. Both instruments have cup-shaped mouthpieces outwardly similar. The See also:peculiar shape of the basins, however, at the See also:place where they open into the tube, angular in the trumpet and bevelled in the bugle, taken in See also:conjunction with the bore of the See also:main tube, gives to the trumpet its brilliant blaring tone, and to the bugle its more veiled but penetrating quality, characteristic of the whole See also:family? Only five notes are required for the various bugle-calls, although the actual See also:compass of the instrument consists of eight, of which the first or fundamental, however, being of poor quality, is never used. There are bugles in C and in E See also:flat, but the bugle in B flat is most generally used; the See also:key of C is used in notation. ' The word is derived from See also:Lat. buculus, a See also:young bull. " Bugle," meaning a See also:long See also:jet or See also:black See also:glass See also:bead, used in trimming ladies' dresses, is possibly connected with the Ger. Bagel, a bent piece of See also:metal. The See also:English name "bugle " is also given to a See also:common labiate plant, the Ajuga reptans, not to be confused with the " Bugloss " or Anchusa ofl'icinalis. 2 For diagrams of these mouthpieces see V.

C. Mahillon, Elements d'acouslique (See also:

Brussels, 1874), p. 96. In See also:order to increase the compass and musical possibilities of the bugle, two methods have been adopted, the use of (r) keys and (2) valves. The application of keys to the bugle produced the Kent bugle, and later the ophicleide. The application of valves produced the family of saxhorns. The use of keys for See also:wood wind instruments was known See also:early in the 15th See also:century," perhaps before. In 1438, the See also:duke of See also:Burgundy paid See also:Hennequin Haulx, instrument-maker of Brussels, 4 ridres a piece for three See also:tenor bombards with keys. In the 16th century we find a key applied to the See also:bass See also:flute-a-bec° and later to the large tenor cornetto.2 In 1770 a horn-player named Kdlbel, belonging to the imperial See also:Russian See also:band, experimented with keys on the trumpet, and in 1795 Weidinger of See also:Vienna produced a trumpet with five keys. In 1810 See also:Joseph See also:Halliday, the bandmaster of the See also:Cavan See also:militia, patented the keyed bugle, with five keys and a compass of twenty-five notes, calling it the " Royal Kent Bugle " out of compliment to the duke of Kent, who was at the See also:time See also:commander-in-See also:chief, and encouraged the introduction of the instrument into the regimental bands. A Royal Kent bugle in C, stamped with Halliday's name as inventor, and made by P. See also:Turton, 5 See also:Wormwood See also:Gate, See also:Dublin, was exhibited by See also:Col.

See also:

Shaw-Hellier at the Royal Military See also:Exhibition in 189o." The instrument See also:measures 17 in., and the See also:total length of the tubing, including the mouthpiece, 501 in. The diameter at the mouthpiece is z in. and at the bell 5; in. The instrument has a See also:chromatic compass of two octaves, the open notes- being (1) a 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mahillon (op. cit. p. 117) points out that the tonality of the key-bugle and kindred instruments is determined by the second harmonic given out by the open tube, the first key remaining open. To the See also:original instrument specified irf the patent, Halliday added a sixth key, which became the first and was in the normal position open; this key when closed gave B flat, with the same series of harmonics as the open tube. The series, however, becomes shorter with each successive key. Thus, on being opened, the second key gives 3 4 5 6 the third key —j-=_ the fourth key the fifth key e--, the sixth key a 2 The bore of the instrument is just wide enough in proportion to its length to make possible the playing of the fundamental tones in the first two series, but these notes are never used, and the harmonics above the sixth are also avoided, being of doubtful intonation. In the ophicleide, the bass of the key-bugle, the bore is sufficiently wide to produce the fundamentals of a satisfactory quality. The keyed bugle was chiefly used in B flat, a crook for B flat being frequently added to the bugle in C; the See also:soprano bugle in E flat was also much used in military bands. The origin of the bugle, in common with that of the See also:hunting horn, is of the highest antiquity. During the See also:middle ages, the word " bugle " was applied to the ox and also to its horns, whether used as musical instruments or for drinking. The New English See also:Dictionary quotes a See also:definition of bugle dating from c.

1398: " The Bugle . . . is lyke to an oxe and is a fyers s See E. See also:

van der Straeten, La Musique aux Pays-bas, vol. vii. E. 38, where the instrument is not mentioned as a novelty; also See also:Leon, See also:comte de Laborde, See also:Les Ducs de Bourgogne, pt. ii. (Preuves), (See also:Paris, 1849), tom. i. p. 365, No. 1266. ° See also:Martin See also:Agricola, Musica Instrumentalis deudsch (See also:Wittenberg, 1528), f. viii''. See also:Michael See also:Praetorius, Syntagma Musicum (See also:Wolfenbuttel, 1618), pl. viii. No. 5. See See also:Captain C.

R. See also:

Day, Descript. See also:Catalogue (See also:London, 1891), pp. 168-169, and pl. xi. fig. D. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 xo xx to 13 14 15 76 Bugle an 8ve higher. 2 3 4 5 2 3 beest." 1 In 1300 a See also:romance' contains the word used in both acceptations, " A thousand bugles of Ynde," and " tweye buglehornes and a Bowe." F. See also:Godefroy 3 gives quotations from early French which show that, as in See also:England, the word bugle was frequently used as an See also:adjective, and as a verb:—" See also:IIII cogs buglieres fist soner de randon " (Qualre fils Aymon, ed. P. Tarbe, p. 32), and " I See also:grant cor buglerenc See also:fit en sa tor soner " (Aiol, 7457, Societe See also:des anciens textes frangais). Tubas, horns, cornets and bugles have as common archetype the horn of See also:ram, bull or other See also:animal, whose form was copied and modified in See also:bronze, wood, brass, See also:ivory, See also:silver, &c.

Of all these instruments, the bugle has in the highest degree retained the acoustic properties and the characteristic scale of the prototype, and is still put to the original use for giving military signals. The See also:

shofar of the See also:ancient See also:Hebrews, used at the See also:siege of See also:Jericho, was a cow's horn (Josh. vi. 4, 5, 8, 13, &e.), translated in the See also:Vulgate See also:buccina, in the See also:paraphrase of the See also:Chaldee buccina ex See also:cornu. The directions given for See also:sounding the trumpets of beaten silver described in See also:Numbers x. form the earliest See also:code of signals yet known; the narrative shows that the Israelites had metal wind instruments; if, therefore, they retained the more See also:primitive cow's horn and ram's horn (shofar), it was from choice, because they attached See also:special significance to them in connexion with their See also:ritual. The trumpet of silver mentioned above was the Khatsotsrah, probably the long straight trumpet or See also:tuba which also occurs among the instruments in the musical scenes of the ancient Egyptians and Assyrians. See also:Gideon's use of a massed band of three See also:hundred shofars to terrify and defeat the Midianites (See also:Judges vii. 16), and See also:Saul's See also:call to arms (1 Sam. xiii. 3) show that the value of the shofar as a military instrument was well under-stood by the See also:Jews. The cornu was used by the See also:Roman See also:infantry to See also:sound the military calls, and See also:Vegetius 4 states that the tuba and buccina were also used for the same purpose. Mahillon possesses a facsimile of an ancient See also:Etruscan cornu, the length of which is 1.40 m.; he gives its scale,' pitched one tone below that of the bugle in E flat, as that of D flat, of which the harmonics 2 3 4 5 6 from the second to the sixth are available. The same See also:department of the British Museum was enriched in 1904 with a terra-See also:cotta See also:model (fig. 2) of a See also:late Roman bugle (c.

4th century A.D.), bent completely See also:

round upon itself to form a coil between the mouth- piece and the bell-end (the latter has been broken off). This See also:precious relic was found at Ventoux in See also:France and has been acquired from the collection of M. See also:Morel. This is precisely the form of bugle now used as a badge by the first See also:battalion of the See also:King's Own See also:Light Infantry c During the middle ages the use of the bugle-horn by knights Flo. 2.-Terra Cotta Model of and huntsmen, and perhaps Roman Bugle, 4th cent. (British also in See also:naval warfare, was Museum). general in See also:Europe, as the following additional quotations will show: " See also:XXX cors bugleres, fait l'amirax soner " (Conq. de See also:Jerusalem, 6811, Hippeau); " Two squyers blewe . . . with ij grete bugles See also:hornes " (See also:Caxton, Chron. Engl. Barthol. Trevisa, De Propr. See also:Rebus, xviii., xv., 1495, 774. ' King Alisaunder, 5112 and 5282.

Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue frantaise du IX' an X V, siecle. De re militari, bk. iii. ch. v. s See Catal. descriptif du musee instrumental du See also:

conservatoire de Bruxelles, vol. i. (See also:Ghent, 188o), p. 331. There are, in the department of See also:Greek and Roman antiquities at the British Museum, two bronze Etruscan cornua, No. 2734, resembling the hunting horns of the middle ages and bent in a semicircular shape. They measure from end to end respectively 2 ft. i in. and 2 ft. 2 in. e Maj. J. H.

L. See also:

Archer, The British Army Records (London, 1888), p. 402.ccix. 192). The See also:oliphant was a glorified bugle-horn made of See also:rich material, such as ivory, carved and inlaid with designs in See also:gold and silver. The See also:history of the bugle as a military instrument is in England closely connected with the creation of the light infantry, in which it gradually superseded the See also:drum 1 as a duty and signal instrument. It was during the 17th century that the See also:change was inaugurated; improvements in firearms brought about the See also:gradual See also:abandonment of See also:armour by the infantry, and the formation of the light infantry and the See also:adoption of the bugle followed by degrees. One of the See also:oldest light infantry regiments, See also:Prince See also:Albert's 1st See also:Somerset Light Infantry, formed in 1685 by the See also:earl of See also:Huntingdon, employed a drummer at that date at a See also:shilling per day.' At the end of the 18th century we find the bugle the recognized signal instrument in the light infantry, while the trumpet remained that of the See also:cavalry. The general order introducing the bugle as a See also:minor badge for the light infantry is under date 28th of See also:December 1814. In 1856 the popularity of the keyed or Royal Kent bugle in the army had reached its height. A bugle-band was formed in the Royal See also:Artillery as a substitute for the drum and See also:fife band.' The organization and training of this bugle-band were entrusted to Trumpet-See also:major See also:James See also:Lawson, who raised it to a very high See also:standard of excellence. Major Lawson was a See also:fine cornet player, and finding the scale of the service bugle too restricted he obtained permission to add to it a See also:valve See also:attachment, which made the bugle a chromatic instrument like the cornet, in fact practically a See also:saxhorn.

Before long, horns in E flat, tenor horns in B flat, euphoniums and bass tubas were added, all made of See also:

copper, and in 1869 the name of " bugle band " was changed to R.A. Brass Band, and in 1877 it was merged in the Mounted Band. The bugle with its See also:double development by means of keys into Royal Kent bugle and ophicleide, and by means of valves into saxhorns and tubas, formed the See also:nucleus of brass bands of all countries during the greater See also:part of the x9th century. The Flugelhorn, as its name denotes, became the signal instrument of the infantry in See also:Germany as in England, and still holds it own with the keyed bugle in the fine military bands of Austro-See also:Hungary. There is in the department of prehistoric antiquities at the British Museum a fine bugle-horn belonging to the Bronze See also:Age in See also:Denmark; the tube, which has an accentuated conical bore, is bent in a semi-circle, and has on the inner See also:bend a series of little rings from which were probably suspended ornaments or cords. An engraved See also:design runs spirally round the whole length of the tube, which is in an excellent See also:state of preservation. See also:Meyerbeer introduced the bugle in B flat in his See also:opera See also:Robert-le- Diable in the See also:scene of the resurrection of the nuns, and a bugle in A in the fifth See also:act. See, for further See also:information on the technique of the instrument, Logier's Introduction to the See also:Art of Playing on the Royal Kent Bugle (London. See also:Clementi, 1820) ; and for the use of the bugle in the French army, G. Kastner, Le See also:Manuel general de musigue militaire (with illustrations, Paris, 1848). (K.

End of Article: BUGLE

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