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HALLIDAY, ANDREW [ANDREW HALLIDAY DUF...

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Originally appearing in Volume V12, Page 858 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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HALLIDAY, See also:ANDREW [ANDREW HALLIDAY See also:DUFF] (1830-1877) , See also:British journalist and dramatist, was See also:born at Marnoch, See also:Banffshire, in 1830. He was educated at Marischal See also:College, See also:Aberdeen, and in 1849 he came to See also:London, and discarding the name of Duff, devoted himself to literature. His first engagement was with the daily papers, and his See also:work having attracted the See also:notice of See also:Thackeray, he was invited to write for the Cornhill See also:Magazine. From 1861 he contributed largely to All the See also:Year See also:Round, and many of his articles were republished in collected See also:form. He was also the author, alone and with others, of a See also:great number of farces, burlesques and melodramas and a peculiarly successful adapter of popular novels for the See also:stage. Of these Little Em'ly (1869), his See also:adaptation of See also:David Copperfield, was warmly approved by See also:Dickens himself, and enjoyed a See also:long run at See also:Drury See also:Lane. Halliday died in London on the loth of See also:April 187 7. HALLIWELL-PHILLIPPS, See also:JAMES See also:ORCHARD (1820-1889), See also:English Shakespearian See also:scholar, son of See also:Thomas Halliwell, was born in London, on the 21st of See also:June 1820. He was educated privately and at Jesus College, See also:Cambridge. He devoted himself to antiquarian See also:research, particularly in See also:early English literature. In 1839 he edited See also:Sir See also:John See also:Mandeville's Travels; in 1842 published an See also:Account of the See also:European See also:MSS. in the Chetham Library, besides a newly discovered metrical See also:romance of the 15th See also:century (Torrent of See also:Portugal). He became best known, however, as a Shakespearian editor and See also:collector.

In 1848 he brought out his See also:

Life of See also:Shakespeare, which passed through several See also:editions; in 1853-1865 a sumptuous edition, limited to 1 50 copies, of Shakespeare in See also:folio, with full See also:critical notes; in 1863 a See also:Calendar of the Records at See also:Stratford-on-See also:Avon; in 1864 a See also:History of New See also:Place. After 187o he entirely gave up textual See also:criticism, and devoted his See also:attention to elucidating the particulars of Shakespeare's life. He collated all the available facts and documents in relation to it, and exhausted the See also:information to be found in See also:local records in his Outlines of the Life of Shakespeare. He was mainly instrumental in the See also:purchase of New Place for the See also:corporation of Stratford-on-Avon, and in the formation there of the Shakespeare museum. His publications in all numbered more than sixty volumes. He assumed the name of Phillipps in 1872, under the will of the grandfather of his first wife, a daughter of Sir Thomas Phillipps the See also:antiquary. He took an active See also:interest in the See also:Camden Society, the See also:Percy Society and the Shakespeare Society, for which he edited many early English and Elizabethan See also:works. From 1845 Halliwell was excluded from the library of the British Museum on account of the suspicion attaching to his See also:possession of some See also:manuscripts which had been removed from the library of Trinity College, Cambridge. He published privately an explanation of the See also:matter in 1845. His See also:house, Hollingbury Copse, near See also:Brighton, was full of rare and curious works, and he generously gave many of them to the Chetham library, See also:Manchester, to the See also:town library of See also:Penzance, to the Smithsonian See also:Institute, See also:Washington, and to the library of See also:Edinburgh university. He died on the 3rd of See also:January 1889. HALLOWE'EN, or ALL HALLOWS See also:EVE, the name given to the 31st of See also:October as the See also:vigil of Hallowmas or All See also:Saints' See also:Day.

Though now known as little else but the eve of the See also:

Christian festival, Hallowe'en and its formerly attendant ceremonies long antedate See also:Christianity. The two See also:chief characteristics of See also:ancient Hallowe'en were the See also:lighting of bonfires and the belief that of all nights in the year this is the one during which ghosts and witches are most likely to wander abroad. Now on or about the 1st of See also:November the See also:Druids held their great autumn festival and lighted fires in See also:honour of the See also:Sun-See also:god in thanksgiving for the See also:harvest. Further, it was a Druidic belief that on the eve of this festival Saman, See also:lord of See also:death, called together the wicked souls that within the past twelve months had been condemned to inhabit the bodies of animals. Thus it is clear that the See also:main celebrations of Hallowe'en were purely Druidical, and this is further proved by the fact that in parts of See also:Ireland the 31st of October was, and even still is, known as Oidhche Shamhna, " Vigil of Saman." On the Druidic ceremonies were grafted some of the characteristics of the See also:Roman festival in honour of See also:Pomona held about the 1st of November, in which nuts and apples, as representing the See also:winter See also:store of fruits, played an important See also:part. Thus the roasting of nuts and the See also:sport known as " See also:apple-See also:ducking "—attempting to seize with the See also:teeth an apple floating in a tub of See also:water,—were once the universal occupation of the See also:young folk in See also:medieval See also:England on the 31st of October. The See also:custom of lighting Hallowe'en fires survived until See also:recent years in the See also:highlands of See also:Scotland and See also:Wales. In the dying embers it was usual to place as many small stones as there were persons around, and next See also:morning a See also:search was made. If any of the pebbles were displaced it was regarded as certain that the See also:person represented would See also:die within the twelve months. For details of the Hallowe'en See also:games and bonfires see See also:Brand's Antiquities of Great See also:Britain; See also:Chambers's See also:Book of Days; See also:Grimm's Deutsche Mythologie, ch. xx. (Elemente) and ch. xxxiv. (Aberglaube) ; and J.

G. Frazer's See also:

Golden Bough, vol. iii. Compare also See also:BELTANE and See also:BONFIRE.

End of Article: HALLIDAY, ANDREW [ANDREW HALLIDAY DUFF] (1830-1877)

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