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BRIGHTON

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Originally appearing in Volume V04, Page 571 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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BRIGHTON , a municipal, See also:

county and See also:parliamentary See also:borough of See also:Sussex, See also:England, one of the best-known seaside resorts in the See also:United See also:Kingdom, 51 M. S. from See also:London by the London, Brighton & See also:South See also:Coast railway. Pop. (1901) 123,478. Its ready accessibility from the See also:metropolis is the See also:chief See also:factor in its popularity. It is situated on the seaward slope of the South See also:Downs; the position is sheltered from inclement winds, and the See also:climate is generally mild. The See also:sea-front, overlooking the See also:English Channel, stretches nearly 4 M. from See also:Kemp See also:Town on the See also:cast to See also:Hove (a See also:separate municipal borough) on the See also:west. Inland, including the suburb of See also:Preston, the town extends some 2 M. The tendency of the currents in the Channel opposite Brighton is to drive the See also:shingle eastward, and encroachments of the sea were frequent and serious until the erection of a massive sea-See also:wall, begun about 1830, 6o ft. high, 23 ft. thick at the See also:base, and, 3 ft. at the See also:summit. There are numerous See also:modern churches and chapels, many of them very handsome; and the former See also:parish See also:church of St See also:Nicholas remains, a Decorated structure containing a See also:Norman See also:font and a memorial to the See also:great See also:duke of See also:Wellington. The incumbency of Trinity See also:Chapel was held by the famous preacher See also:Frederick See also:William See also:Robertson (1847-1853). The town See also:hall and the parochial offices are the See also:principal administrative buildings.

Numerous institutions contribute to the entertainment of visitors. Of these the most remarkable is the See also:

Pavilion, built as a See also:residence for the See also:prince See also:regent (afterwards See also:George IV.) and remodelled in 1819 by the architect, See also:John See also:Nash, in a See also:grotesque Eastern See also:style of See also:architecture. In 1849 it was See also:purchased by the town for £53,000, and is devoted to various public uses, containing a museum, See also:assembly-rooms and picture-galleries. The detached See also:building, formerly the stables, is converted into a See also:fine See also:concert hall; it is lighted by a vast glazed See also:dome approaching that of St See also:Paul's See also:cathedral, London, in dimensions. There are several theatres and See also:music-halls. The See also:aquarium, the See also:property of the See also:corporation, contains an excellent marine collection, but is also used as a concert hall and See also:winter See also:garden, and a garden is laid out on its roof. The See also:Booth collection of See also:British birds, bequeathed to the corporation by E. T. Booth, was opened in 1893. There are two piers, of which the See also:Palace See also:pier, near the site of the old See also:chain pier (1823), which was washed away in 1896, is near the centre of the town, while the West pier is towards Hove. Preston and See also:Queen's parks are the principal of several public recreation grounds; and the racecourse at Kemp Town is also the property of the town. Educational establishments are numerous, and include Brighton See also:College, which ranks high among English public See also:schools.

There are municipal schools of See also:

science, technology and See also:art. St See also:Mary's Hall (1836) is devoted to the See also:education of poor clergymen's daughters. Among many hospitals, the county See also:hospital (1828), " open to the sick and lame poor of every See also:country and nation," may be mentioned. There are an extensive See also:mackerel and See also:herring See also:fishery, and motor See also:engineering See also:works. The parliamentary borough, which includes the parish of Hove, returns two members. The county borough was created in 1888. The municipal borough is under a See also:mayor, 14 aldermen and 42 councillors. See also:Area, 2536 acres. Although there is See also:evidence of See also:Roman and Saxon occupation of the site, the earliest mention of Brighton (Bristelmeston, Brichelmestone, Brighthelmston) is the Domesday See also:Book See also:record that its three manors belonged to See also:Earl See also:Godwin and were held by William de Wa,tenne. Of these, two passed to the priories of See also:Lewes and Michelham respectively, and after the See also:dissolution of the monasteries were subject to frequent See also:sale and See also:division.. The third descended to the earls of See also:Arundel, falling to the See also:share of the duke of See also:Norfolk in 1.415, and being divided in 1502 between the families of See also:Howard and See also:Berkeley. That Brighton was a large fishing See also:village in ro86 is evident from the See also:rent of 4000 See also:herrings; in 1285 it had a separate See also:constable, and in 1333 it was assessed for a tenth, and fifteenth at £5:4:61i See also:half the See also:assessment of See also:Shoreham.

In 1340 there were no merchants there, only tenants of lands, but its prosperity increased during the 15th and 16th centuries, and it was assessed at 06:12:8 in 1534. There is, however, no indication that it was a borough. In 158o commissioners sent to decide disputes between the fishermen and landsmen found that from See also:

time immemorial Brighton had been governed by two See also:head boroughs sitting in the borough See also:court, and assisted by a See also:council called the Twelve. This constitution disappeared before 1772, when commissioners were appointed. Brighton refused a See also:charter offered by George; prince of See also:Wales, but was incorporated in 1854. It had become a parliamentary borough in 1832. From a fishing'town in 1656 it became a fashionable resort in 1756; its popularity increased after the visit of the prince of Wales (see GEORGE IV.) to the duke of See also:Cumberland in 1783, and was ensured by his building the Pavilion in 1784-1787, and his See also:adoption of it as his principal residence; and his association with Mrs Fitzherbcrt at Brighton was the starting-point of its fashionable repute. See See also:Victoria County See also:History Sussex; Susses. Archaeological, Society Transactions, vol. ii. ; L. See also:Melville, Brighton, its History, its Follies and its Fashions (London, 1909). See also:BRIGHT'S DISEASE, a See also:term in See also:medicine applied to a class of diseases of the kidneys (acute and chronic nephritis) which have as their most prominent symptom the presence of albumen in the urine, and frequently also the coexistence of See also:dropsy.

These associated symptoms in connexion with See also:

kidney disease were first described in x827 by Dr See also:Richard Bright (1789—1858). Since that See also:period it has been established that the symptoms, instead of being, as was formerly supposed, the result of one See also:form of disease of the kidneys, may be dependent on various morbid conditions of those See also:organs (see KIDNEY DISEASES). Hence the term Bright's disease, which is retained in medical nomenclature in See also:honour of Dr Bright, must be understood as having a generic application. The symptoms are usually of a severe See also:character. See also:Pain in the back, vomiting and febrile disturbance commonly See also:usher in the attack. Dropsy, varying in degree from slight puffiness of the See also:face to an See also:accumulation of fluid sufficient to distend the whole See also:body, and to occasion serious embarrassment to respiration, is a very See also:common See also:accompaniment. The urine is reduced in quantity, is of dark, smoky or bloody See also:colour, and exhibits to chemical reaction the presence of a large amount of albumen, while, under the See also:microscope, See also:blood corpuscles and casts, as above mentioned, are found in abundance. This See also:state of acute inflammation may by its severity destroy See also:life, or, See also:short of this, may by continuance result in the See also:establishment of one of the chronic forms of Bright's disease. On the other See also:hand an See also:arrest of the inflammatory See also:action frequently occurs, and this is marked by the increased amount of the urine, and the See also:gradual disappearance of its albumen and other abnormal constituents; as also by the subsidence of the dropsy and the rapid recovery of strength. In the treatment of acute Bright's disease, See also:good results are often obtained from See also:local depletion, from warm See also:baths and from the careful employment of diuretics and purgatives. Chronic Bright's disease is much less amenable to treatment, but by efforts to maintain the strength and improve the quality of the blood by strong nourishment, and at the same time by guarding against the risks of complications, life may often be prolonged in See also:comparative comfort, and even a certain measure of improvement be experienced.

End of Article: BRIGHTON

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