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PALACIO VALDES, ARMANDO (1853— )
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PALACIO See also:VALDES, ARMANDO (1853— ) , See also:Spanish novelist and critic, was See also:born at Entralgo, in the See also:province of See also:Asturias, on the 4th of See also:October 1853. His first writings were printed in the Revista Europea. These were pungent essays, remarkable for See also:independent See also:judgment and refined See also:humour, and found so much favour with the public that the See also:young beginner was soon appointed editor of the Revista. The best of his See also:critical See also:work is collected in Los Oradores del Ateneo (1878), Los Novelistas espanoles (1878), Nuevo viaje al Parnaso and La Literatura en r88r (1882), this last being written in collaboration with Leopoldo Alas. In 1881 he published a novel, El Senorito Octavio, which shows an uncommon See also:power of observation, and the promise of better things to come. In Marta y Maria (1883), a portrayal of the struggle between religious vocation and earthly See also:passion, some-what in the manner of Valera, Palacio Valdes achieved a very popular See also:triumph which placed him in the first See also:rank of contem-. porary Spanish novelists. El Idilio de un enfermo (1884), a most interesting fragment of autobiography, has scarcely met with the, recognition which it deserves: perhaps because the pathos of the See also:story is too unadorned. The publication of See also:Pereda's Sotileza is doubtless responsible for the conception of Jose (1885), in which Palacio Valdes gives a realistic picture of the See also:manners and customs of seafaring folk, creates the two convincing characters whom he names Jose and Leonarda, and embellishes the whole with passages of animated description barely inferior to the finest penned by Pereda hiinself. The
emotional See also:imagination of the writer expressed itself anew in the charming story Riverita (1886), one of whose attractive characters develops into the heroine of Maximina (1887); and from Maximina, in its turn, is taken the novice who figures as a professed See also:nun among the personages of La Hermana See also:San Sulpicio (1889), in which the love-passages between Zeferino Sanjurjo and Gloria See also:Bermudez are set off with elaborate, romantic descriptions of See also:Seville. El C'uarto poder (1888) is, as its name implies, concerned with the details, not always edifying, of journalistic See also:life. Two novels issued in 1892, La Espuma and La Fe, were enthusiastically praised in See also:foreign countries, but in See also:Spain their reception was See also:cold. The explanation is to be found in the fact that the first of these books is an avowed See also:satire on the Spanish See also:aristocracy, and that the second was construed into an attack upon the See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also: During the acrimonious discussion which followed the publication of La Espuma, it was frequently asserted that the artist had improvised a fantastic See also:caricature of originals whom he had never seen; yet as the characters in Coloma's Pequeneces are painted in darker tones, and as the very critics who were foremost in charging Palacio Valdes with incompetence and See also:ignorance are almost unanimous in praising Coloma's fidelity, it is See also:manifest that the See also:indictment against La Espuma cannot be maintained. Subsequently Palacio Valdes returned to his earlier and better manner in Los Majos de See also:Cadiz (1896) and in La See also:Algeria del Capitals See also:Ribot (1899). In these novels, and still more in Distills, 6 el pesimismo (1906), he frees himself from the reproach of undue submission to See also:French influences. In any See also:case he takes a prominent See also:place in See also:modern Spanish literature as a keen See also:analyst of emotion and a sympathetic, delicate, humorous observer. (J. F.-K.) PALACKt, FRANTISEK [See also:FRANCIS] (1798–1876), See also:Czech historian and politician, was born on the 14th of See also:June 1798 at Hodslavice (Hotzendorf) in See also:Moravia. His ancestors had been members of the community of the Bohemian Brethren, and had secretly maintained their See also:Protestant belief throughout the See also:period of religious persecution, eventually giving their adherence to the See also:Augsburg See also:confession as approximate to their See also:original faith. Palacky's See also:father was a schoolmaster and a See also:man of some learning. The son was sent in 1812 to the Protestant gymnasium at See also:Pressburg, where he came in contact with the philologist gafafik and became a zealous student of the Slav See also:languages. After some years spent in private teaching Palacky settled in 1823 at See also:Prague. Here he found a warm friend in Dobrovsky, whose See also:good relations with the See also:Austrian authorities shielded him from the hostility shown by the See also:government to students of Slav subjects. Dobrovsky introduced him to See also:Count See also:Sternberg and his See also:brother Francis, both of whom took an enthusiastic See also:interest in Bohemian See also:history. Count Francis was the See also:principal founder of the Society of the Bohemian Museum, devoted to the collection of documents bearing on Bohemian history, with the See also:object of reawakening See also:national sentiment by the study of the national records. Public interest in the See also:movement was stimulated in 1825 by the new See also:Journal of the Bohemian Museum (Casopis Eeskeho Musea) of which Palacky was the first editor. The journal was at first published in Czech and See also:German, and the Czech edition survived to become the most important See also:literary See also:organ of Bohemia. Palacky had received a modest See also:appointment as archivist to Count Sternberg and in 1829 the Bohemian estates sought to confer on him the See also:title of historiographer of Bohemia, with a small See also:salary, but it was ten years before the consent of the Viennese authorities was obtained. Meanwhile the estates, with the tardy assent of See also:Vienna, had undertaken to pay the expenses of See also:publishing Palacky's See also:capital work, The History of the Bohemian See also:People (5 vols., 1836—1867). This See also:book, which comes down to the See also:year 1526 and the extinction of Czech See also:independence, was founded on laborious See also:research in the See also:local archives of Bohemia and in the See also:libraries of the See also:chief cities of See also:Europe, and remains the See also:standard authority. The first See also:volume was printed in German in 1836, and subsequently translated into Czech. The publication of the work was hindered by the See also:police-censorship, which was especially active in criticizing his See also:account of the Hussite movement. Palacky, though entirely national and Protestant inhis sympathies, was careful to avoid an uncritical approbation of the Reformers' methods, but his statements were held by the authorities to be dangerous to the Catholic faith. He was therefore compelled to make excisions from his narrative and to accept as integral parts of his work passages interpolated by the censors. After the abolition of the police-censorship in 1848 he published a new edition, completed in 1876, restoring the original. See also:form of the work. The fairest and most considerable of Palacky's antagonists in the controversy aroused by his narrative of the See also:early See also:reformation in Bohemia was See also:Baron Helfert, who received a brief from Vienna to write his Hus and Hieronymus (1853) to counteract the impression made by Palacky's History. K. A. K. HSfler, a German See also:professor of history at Prague, edited the See also:historical authorities for the period in a similar sense in his Geschichte der hussitischen Bewegung in Bohmen. Palacky replied in his Geschichte See also:des Hussitenthumes and Professor Li flier (Prague, 1868) and Zur bohmischen Geschichtschreibung (Prague, 1871). The revolution of 1848 forced the historian into See also:practical politics. He was deputed to the Reichstag which sat at Kromefice (See also:Kremsier) in the autumn of that year, and was a member of the Slav See also:congress at Prague. He refused to take See also:part in the preliminary See also:parliament consisting of 50o former deputies to the See also:diet, which met at See also:Frankfort, on the ground that as a Czech he had no interest in German affairs. He was at this See also:time in favour of a strong Austrian See also:empire, which should consist of a federation of the See also:southern German and the Slav states, allowing of the retention of their individual rights. These views met with some degree of See also:consideration at Vienna, and Palacky was even offered a See also:portfolio in the Pillersdorf See also:cabinet. The collapse of the federal See also:idea and the definite triumph of the party of reaction in 1852 led to his retirement from politics. After the liberal concessions of 186o and 1861, however, he became a life member of the Austrian See also:senate. His views met with small support from the See also:assembly, and with the exception of a See also:short period after the See also:decree of See also:September 1871, by which the See also:emperor raised hopes for Bohemian self-government, he ceased to appear in the senate from 1861 onwards. In the Bohemian Landtag he became the acknowledged See also:leader of the nationalist-federal party. He sought the See also:establishment of a Czech See also:kingdom which should include Bohemia, Moravia and See also:Silesia, and in his zeal for Czech See also:autonomy he even entered into an See also:alliance with the Conservative See also:nobility and with the extreme Catholics. He attended the Panslavist congress at See also:Moscow in 1867. He died at Prague on the 26th of May 1876. Among his more important smaller historical See also:works are: Wiirdigung der See also:alien bahmischen Geschichtschreiber (Prague, 1830), dealing with authors of many of whose works were then inaccessible to Czech students; See also:Arch= eesky (6 vols., Prague, 184o—1872) ; Urkundliche Beitrage zur Geschichte des Hussitenkriegs (2 vols., Prague, 1872—1874) ; Documenta magistri Johannis Hus vitam, doctrinam, causam . illustrantia (Pr'tgue, 1869). With Safarik he wrote Anfange der bohmischen Dirhtkunst (Pressburg, 1818) and See also:Die altesten Denkmdler der bohmischen Sprache (Prague, 1840). Three volumes of his Czech articles and essays were published as Radhost (3 vols., Prague, 1871—1873). For accounts of Palacky see an See also:article by See also:Saint Rene See also:Taillandier in the Revue des deux mondes (See also:April, 1855) Count Liitzow, Lectures on the Historians of Bohemia (See also:London, 1905). 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