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PONTANUS, JOVIANUS (1426-1503)

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Originally appearing in Volume V22, Page 63 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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PONTANUS, JOVIANUS (1426-1503) , See also:Italian humanist and poet, was See also:born in 1426 at Cerreto in the duchy of See also:Spoleto, where his See also:father was murdered in one of the frequent See also:civil brawls which then disturbed the See also:peace of Italian towns. His See also:mother escaped with the boy to See also:Perugia, and it was here that Pontano received his first instruction in See also:languages and literature. Failing to recover his patrimony, he abandoned See also:Umbria, and at the See also:age of twenty-two established himself at See also:Naples, which continued to be his See also:chief See also:place of See also:residence during a See also:long and prosperous career. He here began a See also:close friendship with the distinguished See also:scholar, See also:Antonio Beccadelli, through whose See also:influence he gained See also:admission to the royal See also:chancery of See also:Alphonso the Magnanimous. Alphonso discerned the singular gifts of the See also:young scholar, and made him See also:tutor to his sons. Pontano's connexion with the Aragonese See also:dynasty as See also:political adviser, military secretary and See also:chancellor was henceforth a close one; and the most doubtful passage in his See also:diplomatic career is when he welcomed See also:Charles VIII. of See also:France upon the entry of that See also:king into Naples in 1495, thus showing that he was too ready to abandon the princes upon whose generosity his fortunes had been raised. Pontano illustrates in a marked manner the position of See also:power to which men of letters and learning had arrived in See also:Italy. He entered Naples as a penniless scholar. He was^ almost immediately made the See also:companion and trusted friend of its See also:sovereign, loaded with honours, lodged in a See also:fine See also:house, enrolled among the nobles of the See also:realm, enriched, and placed at the very height of social importance. Following the example of Pomponio Leto in See also:Rome and of Cosimo de' See also:Medici at See also:Florence, Pontano founded an See also:academy for the meetings of learned and distinguished men. This became the centre of See also:fashion as well as of erudition in the See also:southern See also:capital, and subsisted long after its founder's See also:death. In 1461 he married his first wife, Adriana Sassone, who See also:bore him one son and three daughters before her death in 1491.

Nothing distinguished Pontano more than the strength of his domestic feeling. He was passionately attached to his wife and See also:

children; and, while his friend Beccadelli signed the licentious verses of Hermaphroditus, his own Muse celebrated in liberal but loyal strains the pleasures of conjugal See also:affection, the See also:charm of See also:infancy and the sorrows of a See also:husband and a father in the loss of those he loved. Not long after the death of his first wife Pontano took in second See also:marriage a beautiful girl of See also:Ferrara, who is only known to us under the name of Stella. Although he was at least sixty-five years of age at this See also:period, his poetic See also:faculty displayed itself with more than usual warmth and lustre in the glowing See also:series of elegies, styled See also:Eridanus, which he poured forth to commemorate the rapture of this See also:union. Stella's one See also:child, Lucilio, survived his See also:birth but fifty days; nor did his mother long remain to comfort the scholar's old age. Pontano had already lost his only son by the first marriage; therefore his declining years were solitary. He died in 1503 at Naples, where a remarkable See also:group of terra-See also:cotta figures, See also:life-sized and painted, still adorns his See also:tomb in the See also:church of See also:Monte Oliveto. He is there represented together with his See also:patron Alphonso and his friend Sannazzaro in See also:adoration before the dead See also:Christ. As a diplomatist and See also:state See also:official Pontano played a See also:part of some importance in the affairs of southern Italy and in the Barons' See also:War, the See also:wars with Rome, and the See also:expulsion and restoration of the Aragonese dynasty. But his chief claim upon the attentions of posterity is as a scholar. His writings See also:divide themselves into See also:dissertations upon such topics as the " Liberality of Princes " or " Ferocity," composed in the rhetorical See also:style of the See also:day, and poems. He was distinguished for See also:energy of Latin style, for vigorous intellectual See also:powers, and for the faculty, rare among his contemporaries, of expressing the facts of See also:modern life, the actualities of See also:personal emotion, in See also:language sufficiently classical yet always characteristic of the See also:man.

His See also:

prose See also:treatises are more useful to students of See also:manners than the similar lucubrations of See also:Poggio. Yet it was principally as a Latin poet that he exhibited his full strength. An ambitious didactic See also:composition in hexameters, entitled Urania, embodying the astronomical See also:science of the age, and adorning this high theme with brilliant mythological episodes, won the admiration of Italy. It still remains a See also:monument of fertile invention,exuberant facility and energetic handling of material. Not less excellent is the didactic poem on See also:orange trees, De horlis Hesperidum. His most See also:original compositions in See also:verse, however, are elegiac and hendecasyllabic pieces on personal topics—the De conjugali amore, Eridanus, Tumuli, Naeniae, Baiae, &c.—in which he uttered his vehemently passionate emotions with a warmth of southern colouring, an evident sincerity, and a truth of See also:painting from reality which excuse their erotic freedom. Pontano's prose and poems were printed by the Aldi at See also:Venice. For his life see Ardito, Giovanni Pontano e i suoi tempi (Naples, 1871) ; for his place in the See also:history of literature, See also:Symonds, See also:Renaissance in Italy. (J. A.

End of Article: PONTANUS, JOVIANUS (1426-1503)

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