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TRINODA NECESSITAS

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Originally appearing in Volume V27, Page 287 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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TRINODA See also:

NECESSITAS , the name used by See also:modern historians to describe the threefold See also:obligation of serving in the See also:host (See also:fyrd), repairing and constructing See also:bridges (bryc-geweorc), and the construction and See also:maintenance of fortresses (burhbot), to which all freeholders were subject in Anglo-Saxon times. The obligations are usually mentioned in charters as the See also:sole exceptions to grants of immunities; sometimes, however, a See also:fourth obligation (singalare praeiium contra (ilium) is reserved, as in the See also:charter granted by Wiglaf of See also:Mercia on the 28th of See also:December 831 (See also:Cod. See also:dip. i. 294). Ceolwulf's charter of 822 to See also:Arch-See also:bishop Wilfred is remarkable, as the military service is there restricted to expeditiones contra paganos ostes (ibid. i. 272). The threefold obligation is first mentioned in a Latin charter (expeditions pontis arcisue constructione) of doubtful authenticity, which professes to have been granted by See also:Eadbald of See also:Kent in A.D. 626 (Cod. dip. v. 2), but it is not until the 8th See also:century that it appears in documents which are generally admitted to be genuine. Although there were corresponding obligations in the Frankish See also:Empire which were called by See also:Charles the Bald (antiquam et aliarum gentium consuetudinem), See also:Stubbs held that the arguments which refer them to a See also:Roman origin want both congruity and continuity. The phrase " trinoda necessitas " is not to be found in the Anglo-Saxon See also:laws and charters; and See also:Selden was probably the first historian of See also:eminence who used it. " These three exceptions," he says, " are noted by the See also:term of a three-knotted See also:necessity in an old charter wherein See also:King Cedwalla granted to See also:Wilfrid, the first bishop of Shelsey in See also:Sussex, the See also:village of Paganham." This charter is an 1th-century copy of a lost See also:original, but the words to which Selden referred are plainly written as trimoda necessitas not irinodanecessitas. Du Cange gives two examples of the word trimoda in See also:medieval Latin, in which See also:language it meant " triple "; but he cites no medieval example of trinoda; and in classical Latin the See also:form is unknown, while trinodis (ter-nodus, " triple-knotted ") occurs only rarely (See also:Ovid.

Her. iv. 115; Fast. i. 575). See Du Cange, Glossarium; W. Stubbs, The Constitutional See also:

History of See also:England, i. 86, 87; J. M. See also:Kemble, Codex anglo-saxonicus, passim; Selden, See also:English See also:Janus (See also:London, 1682), p. 43; See also:Walter de See also:Gray See also:Birch, Cartularium saxonicum, passim; Facsimiles of See also:Ancient Charters in the See also:British Museum, pt. iv. See also:Cotton MS. See also:Augustus, ii. 86.

(G. J.

End of Article: TRINODA NECESSITAS

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