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EMBER DAYS and EMBER See also:WEEKS, the four seasons set apart by the Western See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church for See also:special See also:prayer and See also:fasting, and the ordination of See also:clergy, known in the See also:medieval Church as quatuor tempora, or jejunia quatuor temporum. The Ember weeks are the See also:complete weeks next following See also:Holy See also:Cross See also:day (See also:September 14), St See also:Lucy's day (See also:December 13), the first See also:Sunday in See also:- LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")
Lent and Whitsun day. The Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays of these weeks are the Ember days distinctively, the following Sundays being the days of ordination. 'These See also:dates are given in the following memorial distich with a See also:frank in-difference to quantity and See also:metre
" Vult Crux, See also:Lucia, Cinis, Charismata_dia
Quod det vota pia quarta sequens feria."
The word has been derived from the A.S. ymb-ren, a See also:circuit or revolution (from ymb, around, and rennen, to run); or by See also:process of See also:agglutination and phonetic decay, exemplified by the Ger. quatember, Dutch quatertemper and See also:Dan. kvatember, from the See also:Lat. quatuor tempora. The occurrence of the Anglo-Saxon compounds ymbren-tid, ymbren-wucan, ymbren fcestan, ymbren-dagas for Ember See also:tide, weeks, fasts, days, favours the former derivation, which is also confirmed by the use of the word imbren in the acts of the See also:council of IEnham, A.D. 1009 (" jejunia quatuor tempora quae imbren vocant "). It corresponds also with See also:Pope See also:Leo the See also:Great's See also:definition, " jejunia ecclesiastica per totius anni circulum distributa."
The observance of the Ember days is confined to the Western Church, and had its origin as an ecclesiastical See also:ordinance in See also:Rome. They were probably at first merely the fasts preparatory to the three great festivals of See also:Christmas, See also:Easter and See also:Pentecost. A See also:fourth was subsequently added, for the See also:sake of symmetry, to make them correspond with the four seasons, and they became known as the jejunium vernum, aestivum, autumnale and hiemale, so that, to quote Pope Leo's words, " the See also:law of See also:abstinence might apply to every See also:season of the See also:year." An earlier mention of these fasts, as four in number—the first known—is in the writings of Philastrius, See also:bishop of See also:Brescia, in the See also:middle of the 4th See also:century. He also connects them with the great See also:Christian festivals (De haeres. 119). In Leo's See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, A.D. 440-461, Wednesday, See also:Friday and Saturday were already the days of special observance. From Rome the Ember days gradually spread through the whole of Western Christendom. Uniformity of practice, however, was . of somewhat slow growth. Neither in See also:Gaul nor See also:Spain do they seem to have been generally recognized much before the 8th century. Their introduction into See also:Britain appears to have been earlier, dating from See also:Augustine, A.D. 597, acting under the authority of See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
Gregory the Great. The See also:general See also:period of the four fasts being roughly fixed, the precise date appears to have varied considerably, and in some cases to have lost its connexion with the festivals altogether. The Ordo See also:Romanus fixes the See also:spring fast in the first See also:week of See also:March (then the first See also:month); the summer fast in the second week of See also:June; the autumnal fast in the third week of September; and the See also:winter fast in the complete week next before Christmas See also:eve. Other regulations prevailed in different countries, until the inconveniences arising from the want of uniformity led to the See also:rule now observed being laid down under Pope See also:Urban II. as the law of the church, in the See also:councils of See also:Piacenza and Clermont, A.D. 1095.
The See also:present rule which fixes the ordination of clergy in the Ember weeks cannot be traced farther back than the time of Pope See also:Gelasius, A.D. 492-496. In the See also:early ages of the church ordinations took See also:place at any season of the year whenever See also:necessity required. Gelasius is stated by See also:ritual writers to have been the first who limited them to these particular times, the special solemnity of the season being in all See also:probability the cause of the selection. The rule once introduced commended itself to the mind of the church, and its observance spread. We findit laid down in the pontificate of See also:Archbishop See also:Ecgbert of See also:York, A.D. 732-766, and referred to as a canonical rule in a See also:capitulary of See also:Charlemagne, and it was finally established as a law of the church in the pontificate of Gregory VII., c. 1085.
End of Article: EMBER DAYS
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