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September 1887. Langenbeck was a bold and skilful operator, but was disinclined to resort to operation while other means afforded a prospect of success. He devoted particular See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to military surgery, and was a See also:

GREAT

great authority in the treatment of gunshot wounds. Besides acting as See also:

general See also:

field-surgeon of the See also:

army in the See also:

war with See also:

Denmark in 1848, he saw active service in 1864, 1866, and again in the Franco-German See also:

CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1870-71. He was in See also:

Orleans at the end of 187o, after the See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city had been taken by the Prussians, and was unwearied in his attentions, whether as operator or consultant, to wounded men with whom every public See also:

BUILDING

building was packed. He also utilized the opportunities for instruction that thus arose, and the " Militar-Aerztiiche Gesellschaft," which met twice a See also:

WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week for some months, and in the discussions of which every surgeon masters to take See also:

PART

part in See also:

POLITICAL

political agitation. See also:

Lange then entered on a career of militant journalism in the cause of political and social reform.

He was also prominent in the affairs of his See also:

TOWN

town, yet found leisure to write most of his best-known books, See also:

Die Leibesitbungen (1863), Die Arbeiterfrage (1865, 5th ed. 1894), Geschichte See also:

des Materialismus and Kritik seiner Bedeutung in der Gegenwart (1866; 7th ed. with See also:

BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical See also:

SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch by H. See also:

COHEN (Hebrew for " priest ")

Cohen, 1902; Eng. trans., E. C. See also:

Thomas, 1877), and J. S. See also:

Mill's Ansichten fiber die sociale Frage (1866). In 1866, discouraged by affairs in See also:

Germany, he moved to See also:

WINTERTHUR

Winterthur, near See also:

Zurich, to become connected with the democratic newspaper, Wintertlzurer Landbote. In 1869 he was Privatdozent at Zurich, and next See also:

YEAR

year professor. The strong See also:

French sympathies of the Swiss in the Franco-German War led to his speedy resignation. Thenceforward he gave up politics. In 1872 he accepted a professorship at See also:

Marburg.

Unhappily, his vigorous See also:

FRAME

frame was already stricken with disease, and, after a lingering illness, he died at Marburg, on the 23rd of November 1875, diligent to the end. His Logische Studien was published by H. Cohen in 1877 (2nd ed., 1894). His See also:

main See also:

WORK

work, the Geschichte des Materialismus, which is brilliantly written, with wide scientific knowledge and more sympathy with See also:

ENGLISH

English thought than is usual in Germany, is rather a didactic exposition of principles than a See also:

HISTORY

history in the proper sense. Adopting the Kantian standpoint that we can know nothing but phenomena, Lange maintains that neither See also:

MATERIALISM (from Lat. materia, matter)

materialism nor any other metaphysical See also:

SYSTEM

system has a valid claim to ultimate truth. For empirical phenomenal knowledge, however, which is all that See also:

man can look for, materialism with its exact scientific methods has done most valuable service. Ideal See also:

metaphysics, though they fail of the inner truth of things, have a value as the embodiment of high aspirations, in the same way as See also:

POETRY

poetry and See also:

religion. In Lange's Logische Studien, which attempts a reconstruction of formal See also:

LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic, the leading See also:

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea is that reasoning has validity in so far as it can be represented in terms of space. His Arbeiterfrage See also:

ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

advocates an See also:

ill-defined See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

SOCIALISM

socialism. It protests against contemporary See also:

INDUSTRIAL

industrial selfishness, and against the organization of See also:

INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry on the Darwinian principle of struggle for existence. See O. A.

Ellissen, F. A. Lange (See also:

LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1891), and in Monatsch. d. Comeniusgesell. iii., 1894, 210 ff.; H. Cohen in Preuss. Jahrb. See also:

XXVII

xxvii., 1876, 353 ff. ; Vaihinger, See also:

Hartmann, See also:

DUHRING, EUGEN KARL (1833-1901)

Duhring and Lange (See also:

ISERLOHN

Iserlohn, 1876) ; T. M. See also:

BOSCH (or Boa), JEROM (c. 1460-1518)

Bosch, F. A. Lange and sein Standpunkt d. Ideals (See also:

FRAUENFELD

Frauenfeld, 189o) ; H.

Braun, F. A. Lange, als Socialokonom (See also:

Halle, 1881). (H.

End of Article: LANGENBECK, BERNHARD RUDOLF KONRAD VON (1810-1887)

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