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See also:MUSCAT, MUSKAT or MASKAT, a See also:town on the See also:south-See also:east See also:coast of See also:Arabia, See also:capital of the See also:province- of See also:Oman. Its value as a See also:naval See also:base is derived from its position, which commands the entrance to the See also:Persian Gulf. The town of See also:Gwadar, the See also:chief See also:port of See also:Makran, belongs to Muscat, and by arrangement with the See also:sultan the See also:British occupy that port with a See also:telegraph station of the Indo-Persian telegraph service. An See also:Indian See also:political residency is established at Muscat. In See also:geographical
position it is isolated from the interior of the See also:continent. The mountains rise behind it in a rugged See also:wall, across which no road exists. It is only from Matrah, a See also:northern suburb shut off by an intervening See also:spur which reaches to the See also:sea, that See also:land communication with the See also:rest of Arabia can be maintained. Both Muscat and Matrah are defended from incursions on the land-See also:- WARD
- WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
- WARD, ARTEMUS
- WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
- WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
- WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
- WARD, JAMES (1843– )
- WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
- WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
- WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
- WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
- WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)
ward See also:side by a wall with towers at intervals. Muscat See also:rose to importance with the Portuguese occupation of the Persian Gulf, and is noted for the extent of Portuguese ruins about it. Two lofty forts, of which the most easterly is called Jalali and the western Merani, occupy the summits of hills on either side the See also:cove overlooking the town; and beyond them on the seaward side are two smaller defensive See also:works called Sirat. All these are ruinous. A See also:low sandy See also:isthmus connects the See also:rock and fortress of Jalali with the mainland, and upon this isthmus stands the British residency. The sultan's See also:palace is a three-storeyed See also:building near the centre of the town, a relic of Portuguese occupation, called by the See also:Arabs El Jereza, a corruption of Igrezia (See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church). This See also:term is probably derived from the See also:chapel once attached to the buildings which formed the Portuguese See also:governor's See also:residence and factory. The See also:bazaar is insignificant, and its most considerable See also:trade appears to be in a sweetmeat prepared from the See also:gluten of See also:maize. Large quantities of See also:dates are also exported.
See also:History.—The See also:early history of Muscat is the history of Portuguese ascendancy in the Persian Gulf. When See also:Albuquerque first burnt the See also:place after destroying Karyat in 1508, Kalhat was the chief port of the coast and Muscat was comparatively unimportant. Kalhat was subsequently sacked and burnt, the See also:great Arab See also:mosque being destroyed, before Albuquerque returned to his See also:ships, " giving many thanks to our See also:Lord." From that date, through 114 years of Portuguese ascendancy, Muscat was held as a naval station and factory during a See also:period of See also:local revolts, Arab incursions, and See also:Turkish invasion by sea; but it was not till 1622, when the Portuguese lost See also:Hormuz, that Muscat became the headquarters of their See also:fleet and the most important place held by them on the Arabian coast. In 165o the Portuguese were finally expelled from Oman. Muscat had been reduced previously by the humiliating terms imposed upon the See also:garrison by the See also:imam of Oman after a See also:siege in 1648. For five years the Persians occupied Oman, but they disappeared in 1741. Under the great ruler of Oman, Said See also:ibn Sultan (1804-1856), the fortunes of Muscat attained their See also:zenith; but on his See also:death, when his See also:kingdom was divided and the See also:African possessions were parted from western Arabia, Muscat declined. In 1883-1884, when See also:Turki was sultan, the town was unsuccessfully besieged by the Indabayin and Rehbayin tribes, led by Abdul Aziz, the See also:brother of Turki. In 1885 See also:Colonel See also:Miles, See also:resident at Muscat, made a tour through Oman, following the footsteps of Wellsted in 1835, and confirmed that traveller's See also:report of the fertility and See also:wealth of the province. In 1898 the See also:French acquired the right to use Muscat as a coaling station.
See Stiffe, " Trading Ports of Persian Gulf," vol. ix. Geog. See also:Journal, and the political reports of the Indian See also:government from the Persian Gulf. Colonel Miles's explorations in Oman will be found in vol. vii. Geog. Journal (1896). (T. H.
End of Article: MUSCAT, MUSKAT
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