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TROPHY (Gr. Tpo7rauov, from TpE7rw, p...

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Originally appearing in Volume V27, Page 306 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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TROPHY (Gr. Tpo7rauov, from TpE7rw, put to See also:flight; See also:Lat. tropaeum) , in classical antiquities, in the strict sense a memorial of victory set up on the See also:field of See also:battle at the spot where the enemy had been routed. It consisted of captured arms and See also:standards hung upon a See also:tree (preferably an See also:olive or an See also:oak) and See also:booty heaped up at its See also:foot, dedicated to the See also:god to whom the victory was attributed, especially See also:Zeus Tropaeus. If no suitable tree was at See also:hand, a lopped See also:trunk was fixed in the ground on an See also:eminence. The tree or trunk See also:bore an inscription containing the names of the god and the combatants, a See also:list of the booty and of the See also:chief incidents of the battle or the entire See also:war. In the See also:case of a See also:naval victory the trophy, composed of the beaks of See also:ships (sometimes an entire See also:ship), was generally set up on the nearest See also:beach and consecrated to See also:Poseidon. It was regarded as a See also:sacrilege to destroy.a trophy, since it was dedicated to a god; but, on the other hand, one that had fallen to pieces through See also:lapse of See also:time was not restored, to prevent feelings of resentment being kept alive. For the same See also:reason trophies of See also:stone or See also:metal were forbidden by See also:law, although this See also:rule was not always observed. To facilitate reconciliation with their conquered foes, neither the Macedonians nor the See also:Romans in See also:early times erected such trophies. The usual See also:custom was to take See also:home the spoils, and to use them for decorating public buildings and private houses. The first example of a trophy set up after the See also:Greek See also:fashion occurs in 121 B.C., when Domitius See also:Ahenobarbus celebrated his victory over the See also:Allobroges in this manner. Although instances are not uncommon in later times, the Romans still showed a preference for setting up the memorials of victory in See also:Rome rather than on the field of battle.

These were decorated with the spoils, and were themselves called trophies; such were the trophies of See also:

Marius recording his victories over Jugurtha and the See also:Cimbri and Teutones. In later republican and imperial times enormous columns, on which the chief incidents of a battle or war were represented in bas-See also:relief, were frequently erected, the most famous and most perfect example being the See also:column of See also:Trajan (see ROME: See also:Archaeology, " The Imperial Forums "). TROPIC-See also:BIRD, so called of sailors from early times,' because as W. See also:Dampier (Voyages, i. 53) among many others testifies, it is " never seen far without either Tropick "; hence, indulging a See also:pretty See also:fancy, See also:Linnaeus bestowed on it the generic See also:term, continued by See also:modern writers, of See also:Phaethon, in allusion to its See also:attempt to follow the path of the See also:sun.2 There are certainly three well-marked See also:species of this genus, but their respective See also:geographical ranges have not yet been definitely laid down. All of them can be easily known by their totipalmate See also:condition, in which the 1 More recently sailors have taken to See also:call it " See also:Boatswain-bird " —a name probably belonging to a very different See also:kind. (See Slunk.) 2 Occasionally, perhaps through violent storms, tropic-birds wander very far from their proper haunts. In 1700 See also:Leigh, in his Nat. Hist. See also:Lancashire (i. 164, 195, Birds, pl. i., fig. 3), described and figured a " Tropick Bird " found dead in that See also:county.

Another is said by Mr Lees (Zoologist, and See also:

series, p. 2666) to have been found dead at Cradley near See also:Malvern—apparently before 1856 (J. H. See also:Gurney, jun., op. cit., p. 4766)—which, like the last, would seem (W. H. Heaton, op. cit., p. 5086) to have been of the species known as P. aethereus. See also:Naumann was told (See also:Rhea, i. 25) of its supposed occurrence at See also:Heligoland, and See also:Colonel See also:Legge (B. See also:Ceylon, p. 1274) mentions one taken in See also:India 17o m. from the See also:sea.

The case cited by Degland and Gerbe (Ornith. europienne, ii. 363) seems to be that of an See also:

albatross.four toes of each foot are See also:united by a See also:web, and by the See also:great length of the two See also:middle tail-quills, which project beyond the See also:rest, so as to have gained for the birds the name of " Rabijunco," " Paille-en-See also:queue " and " Pijlstaart " among mariners of different nations. These birds See also:fly to a great distance from See also:land and seem to be attracted by ships, frequently hovering See also:round or even settling on the See also:mast-See also:head. Their flight is performed by rapid strokes, unlike See also:tale See also:action of other See also:long-winged sea-See also:fowl, and they are rarely seen on the See also:water. The yellow-billed tropic-bird, P. flavirostris or candidus, appears to have habitually the most northerly, as well, perhaps, as the widest range, visiting Bermuda yearly to breed there, but also occurring numerously in the See also:southern See also:Atlantic, the See also:Indian, and a great See also:part of the Pacific Ocean. In some islands of all these three it breeds, sometimes on trees, which the other species are not known to do. However, like the rest of its congeners, it See also:lays but a single See also:egg, and this is of a pinkish See also:white, mottled, spotted, and smeared with brownish See also:purple, often so closely as to conceal the ground See also:colour. This is the smallest of the See also:group, and hardly exceeds in See also:size a large See also:pigeon; but the spread of its wings and its long tail make it appear more bulky than it really is. Except some See also:black markings on the See also:face (See also:common to all the species known), a large black patch partly covering the scapulars and wing-coverts, and the black shafts of its elongated rectrices its ground colour is white, glossy as satin, and often tinged with roseate. Its yellow See also:bill readily distinguishes it from its larger congener P. aethereus, but that has nearly all the upper See also:surface of the See also:body and wings closely barred with black, while the shafts of its elongated rectrices are white. This species has a range almost equally wide as the last; but it does not seem to occur in the western part of the Indian Ocean. The third and largest species, the red-tailed tropic-bird, P. rubricauda or phoenicurus, not only has a red bill, but the elongated and very attenuated rectrices are of a See also:bright See also:crimson red, and when adult the whole body shows a deep roseate tinge.

The See also:

young are beautifully barred above with black arrow-headed markings. This species has not been known to occur in the Atlantic, but is perhaps the mast numerous in the Indian and Pacific oceans, in which last great value used to be attached to its tail-feathers to be worked into ornaments.' That the tropic-birds See also:form a distinct See also:family, Phaethontidae, of the Steganopodes (the Dysporomorphae of See also:Huxley), was originally maintained by Brandt, and is now generally admitted, yet it cannot be denied that they differ a See also:good See also:deal from the other members of the group'; indeed St G. See also:Mivart in the Zoological Transactions (x. 364) hardly allowed Fregata and Phaelhon to be steganopodous at all; and one curious difference is shown by the eggs of the latter, which are in See also:appearance so wholly unlike those of the rest. The See also:osteology of two species has been well described and illustrated by Alph. Milne-See also:Edwards in A. Grandidier's See also:fine Oiseaux de See also:Madagascar (pp. 701-704, pls. 279-281a). (A.

End of Article: TROPHY (Gr. Tpo7rauov, from TpE7rw, put to flight; Lat. tropaeum)

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