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IVAN I

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Originally appearing in Volume V15, Page 88 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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IVAN I ., called Kalita, or See also:Money-Bag (d. 1341), See also:grand See also:duke of See also:Vladimir, was the first sobiratel, or " gatherer "of the scattered See also:Russian lands, thereby laying the See also:foundations of the future See also:autocracy as a See also:national institution. This he contrived to do by adopting a policy of See also:complete subserviency to the See also:khan of the See also:Golden See also:Horde, who, in return for a liberal and punctual See also:tribute, permitted him to aggrandize himself at the expense of the lesser grand See also:dukes. See also:Moscow and See also:Tver were the first to fall. The latter 4 See also:Novgorod altogether; but though he frequently violated its Ivan received from the See also:hand of the khan, after devastating it See also:ancient privileges in See also:minor matters, the attitude of the See also:republic with a See also:host of 50,000 See also:Tatars (1327). When See also:Alexander of Tver was so wary that his looked-for opportunity did not come till fled to the powerful See also:city of See also:Pskov, Ivan, not strong enough to i 1479. In that See also:year the ambassadors of Novgorod played into attack Pskov, procured the banishment of Alexander by the aid his hands by addressing him in public See also:audience as " Gosudar " of the See also:metropolitan, Theognost, who threatened Pskov with an (See also:sovereign) instead of " Gospodin " (" See also:Sir ") as heretofore. Ivan See also:interdict. In 1330 Ivan eatended his See also:influence over Rostov at once seized upon this as a recognition of his See also:sovereignty, by the drastic methods of See also:blackmail and See also:hanging. But See also:Great and when the Novgorodians repudiated their ambassadors, he Novgorod was too strong for him, and twice he threatened that marched against them. Deserted by Casimir IV., and surrounded republic in vain. In 1340 Ivan assisted the khan to ravage the on every See also:side by the See also:Muscovite armies, which included a Tatar domains of See also:Prince Ivan of See also:Smolensk, who had refused to pay the contingent, the republic recognized Ivan as autocrat, and customary tribute to the Horde.

Ivan's own domains, at any See also:

rate during his reign, remained See also:free from Tatar incursions, and prospered correspondingly, thus attracting immigrants and their See also:wealth from the other surrounding principalities. Ivan was a most careful, not to say niggardly economist, keeping an exact See also:account of every See also:village or piece of See also:plate that his money-bags acquired, whence his See also:nickname. The most important event of his reign was the transference of the metropolitan see from Vladimir to Moscow, which gave Muscovy the pre-See also:eminence over all the other Russian states, and made the metropolitan the ecclesiastical See also:police-See also:superintendent of the grand duke. The Metropolitan See also:Peter built the first See also:stone See also:cathedral of Moscow, he emerged victorious.

End of Article: IVAN I

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