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JUSTICE OF THE PEACE
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See also:JUSTICE OF THE See also:PEACE , an inferior See also:magistrate appointed in See also:England by See also:special See also:commission under the See also:great See also:seal to keep the peace within the See also:jurisdiction for which he is appointed. The See also:title is commonly abbreviated to J.P. and is used after the name. " The whole See also:Christian See also:world," said See also:Coke, " See also:bath not the like See also:office as justice of the peace if duly executed." See also:Lord See also:Cowper, on the other See also:hand, described them as " men sometimes illiterate and frequently bigoted and prejudiced." The truth is that the justices of the peace perform without any other See also:reward than the consequence they acquire from their office a large amount of See also:work indispensable to the See also:administration of the See also:law, and (though usually not professional lawyers, and therefore See also:apt to be See also:ill-informed in some of their decisions) for the most See also:part they See also:discharge their duties with becoming See also:good sense and impartiality. For centuries they have necessarily been chosen mainly from the landed class of See also:country gentlemen, usually Conservative in politics; and in See also:recent years the See also:attempt has been made by the Liberal party to reduce the See also:balance by appointing others than those belonging to the landed gentry, such as tradesmen, See also:Nonconformist ministers, and working-men. But it has been recognized that the See also:appointment of justices according to their See also:political views is undesirable, and in 1909 a royal commission was appointed to consider and See also:report whether any and what steps should be taken to facilitate the selection of the most suitable persons to be justices of the peace irrespective of creed and political See also:opinion. In great centres of See also:population, when the judicial business of justices is heavy, it has been found necessary to appoint paid justices or stipendiary magistrates' to do the work, and an See also:extension of the See also:system to the country districts has been often advocated. The commission of the peace assigns to justices the See also:duty of keeping and causing to be kept all ordinances and statutes for the good of the peace and for preservation of the same, and for the quiet See also:rule and See also:government of the See also:people, and further assigns' " to you and every two or more of you (of whom any one of the aforesaid A, B, C, D, &c., we will, shall be one) to inquire the truth more fully by the See also:oath of good and lawful men of the See also:county of all and all manner of felonies, poisonings, enchantments, sorceries, arts, magic, trespasses, forestallings, regratings, engrossings, and extortions whatever." This part of the commission is the authority for the jurisdiction of the justices in sessions. Justices named specially in the parenthetical clause are said to be on the See also:quorum. Justices for counties are appointed by the See also:Crown on the See also:advice of the lord See also:chancellor, and usually with the recommendation of the lord See also:lieutenant of the county. Justices for boroughs having municipal corporations and See also:separate commissions of the peace are appointed by the crown, the lord chancellor either adopting the recommendation of the See also:town See also:council or acting independently. Justices cannot See also:act as such until they have taken the oath of See also:allegiance and the judicial oath. A justice for a See also:borough while acting as such must reside in or within seven See also:miles of the borough or occupy a See also:house, warehouse or other See also:property in the borough, but he need not be a See also:burgess. The See also:mayor of a borough is ex officio a justice during his See also:year of office and the succeeding year. He takes See also:precedence over all borough justices, but not over justices acting in and for the county in which the borough or any part thereof is situated, unless when acting in relation to the business of the borough. and retiring, he published very little, but in 1959 he arranged the See also:plants in the royal See also:garden of the Trianon at See also:Versailles, according to his own See also:scheme of See also:classification. This arrangement is printed in his See also:nephew's Genera, pp. lxiii.–lxx., and formed the basis of that work. He cared little for the See also:credit of enunciating new discoveries, so See also:long as the facts were made public. On the See also:death of his See also:brother See also:Antoine, he could not be induced to succeed him in his office, but prevailed upon L. G. See also:Lemonnier to assume the higher position. He died at See also:Paris on the 6th of See also:November 1777. 3. See also:JOSEPH DE See also:JUSSIEU (1704–1779), brother of Antoine and See also:Bernard, was See also:born at See also:Lyons on the 3rd of See also:September 1704. Educated like the See also:rest of the See also:family for the medical profession, he accompanied C. M. de la Condamine to See also:Peru, in the expedition for measuring an arc of See also:meridian, and remained in See also:South See also:America for See also:thirty-six years, returning to See also:France in 1771. Amongst the seeds he sent to his brother Bernard were those of Heliotropium peruvianum, Linn., then first introduced into See also:Europe. He died at Paris on the 11th of See also:April 1779. 4. ANTOINE See also:LAURENT DE JUSSIEU (1748–1836), nephew of the three preceding, was born at Lyons on the 12th of April 1748. Called to Paris by his See also:uncle Bernard, and carefully trained by him for the pursuits of See also:medicine and See also:botany, he largely profited by the opportunities afforded him. Gifted with a tenacious memory, and the See also:power of quickly grasping the salient points of subjects under observation, he steadily worked at the improvement of that system of plant arrangement which had been sketched out by his uncle. In 1789 was issued his Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in horto regio Parisiensi exaratam, See also:anno MDCCLXXIV. This See also:volume formed the basis of See also:modern classification; more than this, it is certain that See also:Cuvier derived much help in his zoological classification from its perusal. Hardly had the last See also:sheet passed through the See also:press, when the See also:French Revolution See also:broke out, and the author was installed in See also:charge of the hospitals of Paris. The museum d'histoire naturelle was organized on its See also:present footing mainly by him in 1793, and he selected for its library everything See also:relating to natural See also:history from the vast materials obtained from the convents then broken up. He continued as See also:professor of botany there from 1770 to 1826, when his son Adrien succeeded him. Besides the Genera, he produced nearly sixty See also:memoirs on botanical topics. He died at Paris on the 17th of September 1836. 5. ADRIEN LAURENT See also:HENRI DE JUSSIEU (1797–1853), son of Antoine Laurent, was born at Paris on the 23rd of See also:December 1797. He displayed the qualities of his family in his thesis for the degree of M.D., De Euphorbiacearum generibus medicisque earundem viribus tentamen, Paris, 1824. He was also the author of valuable contributions to botanical literature on the Rutaceae, Meliaceae and Malpighiaceae respectively, of " Taxonomie " in the Dictionnaire universelle d'histoire naturelle, and of an See also:introductory work styled simply Botanique, which reached nine See also:editions, and was translated into the See also:principal See also:languages of Europe. He also edited his See also:father's Introductio in historiam plantarum, issued at Paris, without imprint or date, it being a fragment of the intended second edition of the Genera, which Antoine Laurent did not live to See also:complete. He died at Paris on the 29th of See also:June 1853, leaving two daughters, but no son, so that with him closed the brilliant botanical See also:dynasty. 6. LAURENT See also:PIERRE DE JUSSIEU (1792–1866), See also:miscellaneous writer, nephew of Antoine Laurent, was born at Villeurbanne on the 7th of See also:February 1792. His See also:Simon de Nantua, ou le marchand See also:forain (1818), reached fifteen editions, and was translated into seven languages. He also wrote Simples notions de physique et d'histoire naturelle (1857), and a few See also:geological papers. He died at Passy on the 23rd of February 1866. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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