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France after 1871. His know-ledge of pedagogy was displayed in his public lectures and his addresses, in his private lessons, where he taught a small number of pupils the. See also:

HISTORICAL

historical method, and in his books, where he wrote ad probandum at least as much as ad narrandum: class-books, collections of articles, intermingled with See also:

PERSONAL

personal reminiscences (Questions d'enseignement See also:

NATIONAL

national, 1885; Etudes et etudiants, 1890; A propos de nos ecoles, 1895), rough historical sketches (Vue generale de t' histoire politique de l' See also:

EUROPE

Europe, 1890), &c. Even his See also:

WORKS

works of learning, written without a trace of pedantry, are remarkable for their lucidity and vividness. After the Franco-Prussian See also:

War Lavisse studied the development of See also:

Prussia and wrote Etude sur l'une See also:

des origines de la monarchic prussienne, ou la See also:

Marche de Brandebourg sous la dynastic ascanienne, which was his thesis for his doctor's degree in 1875, and Etudes sur l'histoire de la Prusse (1879). In connexion with his study of the See also:

HOLY

Holy See also:

ROMAN

Roman See also:

EMPIRE

Empire, and the cause of its decline, he wrote a number of articles which were published in the Revue des Deux Mondes; and he wrote Trois empereurs d'Allemagne (1888), La Jeunesse du See also:

GRAND

grand See also:

FREDERIC, HAROLD (1856-1898)

Frederic (1891) and Frederic II. avant son avenement (1893) when studying the modern See also:

German empire and the grounds for its strength. With his friend See also:

ALFRED

Alfred See also:

RAMBAUD, ALFRED NICOLAS (1842-1905)

Rambaud he conceived the See also:

plan of L'Histoire generale du IV' siecle jusqu'd nos jours, to which, however, he contributed nothing. He edited the Histoire de France depuis See also:

les origines jusqu'd la Revolution (1901– ), in which he care-fully revised the See also:

WORK

work of his numerous assistants, reserving the greatest part of the reign of See also:

Louis XIV. for himself. This spicuous member, was regarded by the See also:

convention with no friendly eyes as being tainted with " incivism," and in the See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1792 A. F. See also:

FOURCROY, ANTOINE FRANCOIS, COMTE DE (1755-1809)

Fourcroy endeavoured to persuade it to purge itself of suspected members.

The See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was unsuccessful, but in See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August of the same See also:

YEAR

year See also:

LAVOISIER, ANTOINE LAURENT (1743-1794)

Lavoisier had to leave his See also:

house and laboratory at the See also:

ARSENAL

Arsenal, and in See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November the See also:

Academy was forbidden until further orders to fill up the vacancies in its See also:

numbers. Next year, on the 1st of August, the convention passed a See also:

DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree for the uniformity of weights and See also:

MEASURES

measures, and requested the Academy to take measures for carrying it out, but a See also:

WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week later Fourcroy persuaded the same convention to suppress the Academy together with other See also:

LITERARY

literary See also:

SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies patentees et dotees by the nation. In November it ordered the See also:

ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest of the ex-farmers-See also:

general, and on the See also:

ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice of the See also:

COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of public instruction, of which Guyton de Morveau and Fourcroy were members, the names of Lavoisier and others were struck off from the See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission of weights and measures. The See also:

FATE

fate of the ex-farmers-general was sealed on the and of May 1794, when, on the proposal of See also:

ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

Antoine See also:

DUPIN, ANDRE MARIE JEAN JACQUES (1783-1865)

Dupin, one of their former officials, the convention sent them for trial by the Revolutionary tribunal. Within a week Lavoisier and 27 others were condemned to See also:

DEATH

death. A See also:

PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition in his favour addressed to Coffinhal, the See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the tribunal, is said to have been met with the reply La Republique n'a pas besoin de savants, and on the 8th of the See also:

month Lavoisier and his companions were guillotined at the Place de la Revolution. He died See also:

FOURTH

fourth, and was preceded by his colleague Jacques Paulze, whose daughter he had married in 1771. " Il ne leur a fallu," See also:

LAGRANGE, JOSEPH LOUIS (1736-1813)

Lagrange remarked, " qu'un moment pour faire tomber See also:

CETTE

cette tete, et cent annees See also:

PEAT (possibly connected with Med. Lat. petia, pecia, piece, ultimately of Celtic origin; cf. O. Celt. pet, O. Ir. pit, Welsh peth, portion)

peat-etre ne suffiront pas pour en reproduire une semblable," Lavoisier's name is indissolubly associated with the overthrow of the phlogistic See also:

DOCTRINE

doctrine that had dominated the development of See also:

chemistry for over a See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and with the See also:

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the See also:

FOUNDATIONS

foundations upon which the modern See also:

SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science reposes. "He discovered," says Justus von See also:

LIEBIG, JUSTUS VON, BARON (1803-1873)

Liebig (Letters on Chemistry, No. 3), " no new See also:

BODY

body, no new See also:

PROPERTY

property, no natural phenomenon previously unknown; but all the facts established by him were the necessary consequences of the labours of those who preceded him. His merit, his immortal See also:

GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory, consists in this—that he infused into the body of the science a new spirit; but all the members of that body were already in existence, and rightly joined together." Realizing that the See also:

TOTAL

total See also:

WEIGHT

weight of all the products of a chemical reaction must be exactly equal to the total weight of the reacting substances, he made the See also:

BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance the ultima ratio of the laboratory, and he was able to draw correct inferences from his weighings because, unlike many of the phlogistonists, he looked upon See also:

HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat as imponderable. It was by weighing that in 1770 he proved that See also:

WATER

water is not converted into See also:

earth by See also:

DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation, for he showed that the total weight of a sealed See also:

glass See also:

VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel and the water it contained remained See also:

CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant, however See also:

long the water was boiled, but that the glass vessel lost weight to an extent equal to the weight of earth produced, his inference being that the earth came from the glass, not from the water.

On the 1st of November 1772 he deposited with the Academy a sealed See also:

note which stated that See also:

SULPHUR

sulphur and See also:

PHOSPHORUS (Gr. 4ws, light, sPEpety, to bear)

phosphorus when burnt increased in weight because they absorbed " See also:

air," while the metallic See also:

lead formed from litharge by reduction with See also:

CHARCOAL

charcoal weighed less than the See also:

ORIGINAL

original litharge because it had lost " air." The exact nature of the airs concerned in the processes he did not explain until after the preparation of " dephlogisticated air " (See also:

OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen) by See also:

PRIESTLEY, JOSEPH (1733-1804)

Priestley in 1774. Then, perceiving that in See also:

COMBUSTION (from the Lat. comburere, to burn up)

combustion and the calcination of metals only a portion of a given See also:

VOLUME

volume of See also:

COMMON

common air was used up, he concluded that Priestley's new air, air eminemment pair, was what was absorbed by burning phosphorus, &c., "non-vital air," azote, or See also:

NITROGEN [symbol N., atomic weight 14.01, 0=16]

nitrogen remaining behind. The See also:

gas given off in the reduction of metallic calces by charcoal he at first supposed to be merely that contained in the calx, but he soon came to under-stand that it was a product formed by the See also:

union of the charcoal with the " dephlogisticated air " in the calx. In a memoir presented to the Academy in 1777, but not published till 1782, See also:

section occupies the whole of volume vii. It is a remarkable piece of work, and the See also:

SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of See also:

ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

government in France during this See also:

period has never before been traced with an equal amount of insight and brilliance. Lavisse was admitted to the See also:

ACADEMIC

Academic Frangaise on the death of See also:

ADMIRAL

Admiral Jurien de la Graviere in 1892, and after the death of See also:

James See also:

DARMESTETER, JAMES (1849-1894)

Darmesteter became editor of the Revue de See also:

Paris. He is, however, chiefly a See also:

MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of pedagogy. When the ecole normale was joined to the university of Paris, Lavisse was appointed director of the new organization, which he had helped more than any one to bring about.

End of Article: LAVISSE, ERNEST (1842– )

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