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MUZIANO, GIROLAMO (1528-1592)
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See also:MUZIANO, See also:GIROLAMO (1528-1592) , See also:Italian painter, was 'See also:born at Acquafredda, near See also:Brescia, in 1528. Under Romanino, an imitator of See also:Titian, he studied his See also:art, designing and colouring according to the principles of the Venetian school. But it was not until he had See also:left his native See also:place, still in See also:early youth, and had repaired to See also:Rome about 1550, that he came into See also:notice. There his pictures soon gained for him the surname of Il Giovane de' paesi (the See also:young See also:man of the landscapes); See also:chestnut-trees are predominant in these See also:works. He next tried the more elevated See also:style of See also:historical See also:painting. He imitated See also:Michelangelo in giving See also:great prominence to the See also:anatomy of his figures, and became fond of painting persons emaciated by See also:abstinence or even disease. His great picture of the " Resurrection of
See also:Lazarus" at once established his fame. Michelangelo praised I Argive See also:plain—pixy "Apyeos isrsroI36roto. Its situation is ex-it, and pronounced its author one of the first artists of that See also:age.
It was placed in the See also: See also:Mosaic working also occupied his See also:attention while he was employed as
and of the Proetidae at See also:Argos. In early historic times Argos had obtained the predominance. The Mycenaeans, who had temporarily regained their See also:independence with the help of See also:Sparta, fought on the See also:Greek See also:side at See also:Plataea in 479 B.C. The See also:long warfare between the two cities lasted till 468 B.c., when See also:Mycenae was dismantled and its inhabitants dispersed. The See also:city never revived; See also:Strabo asserts that no trace of it remained in his time, but See also:Pausanias describes the ruins. For the See also:character of Mycenaean art and of the antiquities found at Mycenae
see See also:AEGEAN See also:CIVILIZATION.
The extant remains of the See also:town of Mycenae are spread over the See also: Above one of the graves was a small circular See also:altar, and there were also several sculptured slabs set up above them. The graves themselves were See also:mere shafts sunk in the See also:rock. Dr Schliemann identified them with the graves of See also:Agamemnon, See also:Cassandra, and their companions, which were shown to Pausanias within the walls; and there can be little doubt that they are the graves that gave rise to the tradition, /l 111 Il~n7nuunUn ff1/71 Based on a See also:plan in Schuchhardt's Schliemann's Excavations. the shape of an irregular triangle, and occupy a position of great natural strength between two valleys. They are preserved to a considerable height on all sides, except where the See also:ravine is precipitous and they have been carried away by a landslip; they are for the most part built of irregular blocks_ of great See also:size in the so-called " Cyclopian " style; but certain portions, notably that near the See also:chief gate, are built in almost See also:regular courses of squared stones; there are also some later See also:repairs in polygonal See also:masonry. The See also:main entrance is called the Lion Gate, from the famous triangular See also:relief which fills the space above its massive See also:lintel. This represents two lions confronted, resting their front legs on a See also:low altar-like structure on which is a See also:pillar which stands between them. The See also:device is a See also:translation into stone of a type not uncommon in See also:gem-cutter's and See also:goldsmith's See also:work of the " Mycenaean " age. The gate is approached by a road commanded on one side by the city wall, on the other by a projecting See also:tower. There is also a See also:postern gate on the See also:north side of the wall, and at its eastern extremity are two apertures in the thickness of the wall. One of these leads out on to the rocks above the See also:southern ravine, the other leads to a long See also:staircase, completely concealed in the wall and the rocks, leading down to a subterranean well or See also:spring. Just within the Lion Gate is a See also:projection of the wall surrounding a curious circular enclosure, consisting of two concentric circles though the historical identity of the persons actually buried in them is a more difficult question. Outside the circle, especially to the See also:south of it, numerous remains of houses of the Mycenaean age have been found, and others, terraced up at various levels, occupy almost the whole of the Acropolis, On the See also:summit, approached by a well-preserved See also:flight of steps, are the remains of a palace of the Mycenaean age, similar to that found at See also:Tiryns, though not so complicated or extensive. Above them are the See also:foundations of a Doric See also:temple, probably dating from the last days of Mycenaean independence in the 5th See also:century. Numerous graves have been found in the slopes of the hills adjoining the town of Mycenae. Most of these consist merely of a chamber, usually square, excavated in the rock, and approached by a " See also:dromos " or See also:horizontal approach in the side of a hill. They are sometimes provided with doorways faced with See also:stucco, and these have painted ornamentation. Many of these tombs have been opened, and their contents are in the See also:Athens museum. Another and much more conspicuous See also:kind of See also:tomb is that known as the beehive tomb. There are eight of them at Mycenae itself, and others in the neighbourhood. Some of them were visible in the time of Pausanias, who calls them the places where See also:Atreus and his sons kept their treasures. There can, however, be no doubt that they were the tombs of princely families. The largest and best preserved of them, now commonly called the See also:Treasury of Atreus, is just outside the Lion Gate. It consists of a circular domed chamber, nearly 50 ft. in See also:diameter and in height; a smaller square chamber opens out of it. It is approached by a horizontal See also:avenue 20 ft. wide and 115 ft. long, with side walls of squared stone sloping up to a height of 45 ft. The See also:doorway was flanked with columns of See also:alabaster, with See also:rich See also:spiral See also:ornament, now in the See also:British Museum; and the See also:rest of the See also:facade was very richly decorated, as may be seen from Chipiez's See also:fine restoration. The inside of the vault was ornamented with attached See also:bronze ornaments, but not, as is sometimes stated, entirely lined with bronze. It is generally supposed that these tombs, as well as those excavated in the rock, belong to a later date than the See also:shaft-tombs on the Acropolis. See H. Schliemann, Mycenae (1879) ; C. Schuchhardt, Schliemann's Excavations (Eng. trans., 1891) ; Chr. Tsountas, MVKfivac. Kai MvrcrtvaLKbs to)urwµbs (18993) ; Tsountas and Manatt, The Mycenaean Age (1897) ; See also:Perrot and Chlpiez, Histoire de fart dans l'antiquitb, vol. vi., L'art Mycbneenne. Various reports in IIpaKrucd rats dpx. 4ra,plas and in 'F4n spls dpXawaoytKit. (E. 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