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sketch of the last two countries, he took his large fortune to Greece in 1868, and proceeded to visit Homeric sites. In an ensuing book—Ithaka, der Peloponnes, and Troja—he propounded two theories which he was destined eventually to test in practice, viz. that Hissarlik, not Bunarbashi, was the site of See also:

Troy, and that the Atreid See also:

GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves, seen by See also:

PAUSANIAS

Pausanias at See also:

MYCENAE

Mycenae, See also:

lay within the citadel See also:

wall. Two years later he took up See also:

Calvert's See also:

WORK

work on the former site, and, convinced that Troy must be on the lowest level, hewed his way down, regard-less of the upper strata, wherein lay unseen the remains of which he was really in See also:

SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search. By 1873 he had laid See also:

BARE

bare considerable fortifications and other remains of a burnt See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of very greatantiquity, and discovered a treasure of .See also:

gold See also:

JEWELRY (O. Fr. jouel, Fr. joyau, perhaps from joie, joy; Lat. gaudium; retranslated into Low Lat. jocale, a toy, from jocus, by misapprehension of the origin of the word)

jewelry.

We now know this city to have belonged to the See also:

MIDDLE

middle pre-Mycenaean See also:

period, See also:

long See also:

prior to the See also:

GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation of See also:

HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer's Archaeans; but Schliemann far and wide proclaimed it " Troy," and was backed by See also:

Gladstone and a large See also:

PART

part of the See also:

EUROPEAN

European public. Trying to resume his work in See also:

FEBRUARY

February 1874, he found himself inhibited by the See also:

OTTOMAN

Ottoman See also:

government, whose allotted See also:

SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of the gold treasure had not been satisfactory, and it was not till See also:

APRIL

April 1876 that he obtained a See also:

FIRMAN (an adaptation of the Per. ferman, a mandate or patent, cognate with the Sanskrit pramdna, a measure, authority)

firman. During the delay he issued his Troy and its Remains (1875), and betook himself to Mycenae. There in See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1876 he began work in the See also:

DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

Dome-tombs and by the See also:

Lion See also:

GATE

Gate, and opened a large See also:

PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit just within the citadel. The famous See also:

double See also:

RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring of slabs and certain See also:

stone reliefs came to See also:

LIGHT

light. Schliemann, thinking it was only a plat-See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form levelled as a See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of Achaean See also:

ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly, paused, and did not resume till See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November. Then, resolved to explore to the See also:

rock, he cleared away some three feet more of See also:

earth and stones, and lighted on the five See also:

shaft graves which have placed him first among fortunate excavators. A See also:

SIXTH

sixth See also:

GRAVE

grave was found immediately after his departure. The immense treasure of gold, See also:

SILVER

silver, See also:

BRONZE

bronze, See also:

FINE

fine stone and See also:

ivory See also:

OBJECTS

objects, which was buried with the sixteen corpses in this circle, is See also:

worth intrinsically more than any treasure-trove known to have been found in any See also:

LAND

land, and it revealed once for all the See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of a great See also:

CIVILIZATION

civilization preceding the Hellenic. The find was deposited at See also:

Athens, and gradually cleaned and arranged in the See also:

POLYTECHNIC (Gr. aroWus, many, and rEXvn, an art)

Polytechnic; and the discoverer, See also:

PUBLISHING

publishing his Mycenae in See also:

ENGLISH

English in 1877, had his full share of honours and fame. He had now settled in Athens, where he married a Greek See also:

LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady, and built two splendid houses, which became centres of Athenian society. In 1878 he dug unsuccessfully in See also:

Ithaca, and in the same See also:

YEAR

year and the following resumed work at Hissarlik, and summed up his results in a discursive memoir, Ilios, upon which a sequel, Troja, issued in 1884, after Wilhelm Dorpfeld, associated in 1882, had introduced some archaeological method into the explorations, was a considerable improvement.

In 188o and 1881 Schliemann cleared out the ruined dome-See also:

TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of See also:

ORCHOMENUS (local form on coins and inscriptions, Erchomenos)

Orchomenus, finding little except remains of its beautiful See also:

CEILING (from a verb " to ceil," i.e. to line or cover; of disputed etymology, but apparently connected with Fr. ciel, Lat. caelum, sky)

ceiling; and in 1885, with Dorpfeld, he laid bare the upper stratum on the rock of See also:

TIRYNS

Tiryns, presenting scholars with a See also:

COMPLETE

complete ground See also:

plan of a Mycenaean See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace. This was his last fortunate excavation. While Tsountas, for the Greek Archaeological Society, picked up his work at Mycenae in 1886, and gradually cleared the See also:

ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

Acropolis, with notable results, Schliemann tried for traces of the Caesareum at See also:

Alexandria, of the Palace of See also:

MINOS

Minos at Knossos, in See also:

CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete, and of the See also:

APHRODITE

Aphrodite See also:

temple at See also:

CYTHERA (mod. Cerigo, but still officially known as Cythera)

Cythera (1888); but he was not successful, See also:

MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting in the two former enterprises with a See also:

LOCAL

local opposition which his See also:

WEALTH

wealth was unable to See also:

bear down. In 1889 he entertained at Hissarlik a See also:

COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of archaeological experts, deputed to examine Botticher's absurd contention that the ruins represented not a city, but a See also:

CREMATION (Lat. cremare, to burn)

cremation See also:

NECROPOLIS

necropolis; and he was contemplating a new and more extensive See also:

CAMPAIGN

campaign on the same site when, in See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1890, he was seized at See also:

Naples with an illness which ended fatally on the See also:

MORNING

morning of See also:

CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas See also:

Day. His great wealth was See also:

LEFT

left mainly to the two families that he had in See also:

Russia and Greece; but a sum was reserved for Hissarlik, where Dorpfeld in 1891 and 1892, by clearing away the debris of the former excavations, exposed the great walls of the sixth stratum which Schliemann had called Lydian, and proved their synchronism with Mycenae, and identity with Mycenaean remains; that is to say, with Homer's Troy, if Troy ever was. Schliemann was on several occasions in See also:

England, in 1883 to receive honours from the great See also:

UNIVERSITIES

universities, and in 1886 to confute, at a See also:

SPECIAL

special gathering of the Hellenic Society, the assertion of See also:

STILLMAN, WILLIAM JAMES (1828—1901)

Stillman and Penrose that the Titynthian palace was posterior to the See also:

Christian era. Nowhere was he better appreciated, and most of his books were first issued in English. (D. G. H.) SCHLIPPE'S See also:

SALT, or See also:

SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium thioantimoniate, Na3SbS4.9H2O, named after K. F. Schlippe (1799-1867), is prepared by dissolving the calculated quantities of See also:

ANTIMONY (symbol Sb, atomic weight 120.2)

antimony trisulphide, See also:

SULPHUR

sulphur and sodium hydroxide in See also:

WATER

water, or by fusing sodium sulphate (16 parts), antimony sulphide (13 parts) and See also:

CHARCOAL

charcoal (4-5 parts), dissolving the melt in water and boiling the See also:

SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution with 4. parts of sulphur.

The liquid is then filtered and evaporated. The salt crystallizes in large tetrahedra, which are easily soluble in water, and have a specific gravity 1.8o6. The anhydrous salt melts easily on See also:

HEATING

heating, and in the hydrated See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, on exposure to moist See also:

air becomes coated with a red film. It combines with sodium thiosulphate to form Na3SbS4 • Na2S2O3.2OH2O.

End of Article: SCHLIEMANN, HEINRICH (1822-1890)

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