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PAPIER

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Originally appearing in Volume V20, Page 738 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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PAPIER See also:

MACH$ (See also:French for mashed or pulped See also:paper), a See also:term embracing numerous manufactures in which paper pulp is employed, pressed and moulded into various forms other than See also:uniform sheets. The See also:art has See also:long been practised in the See also:East. See also:Persian papier mache has long been noted, and in See also:Kashmir under the name of kar-i-kalamdani, or See also:pen-See also:tray See also:work, the manufacture of small painted boxes, trays and cases of papier mache is a characteristic See also:industry. In See also:Japan articles are made by gluing together a number of sheets of paper, when in a See also:damp See also:condition, upon moulds. See also:China also produces elegant papier mache articles. About the See also:middle of the 18th See also:century papier mache work came into prominence in See also:Europe in the See also:form of trays, boxes and other small domestic articles, japanned and ornamented in See also:imitation of See also:Oriental manufactures of the same class, or of lacquered See also:wood; and contemporaneously papier mache See also:snuff-boxes ornamented in vernis See also:Martin came into favour. In 1772 See also:Henry See also:Clay of See also:Birmingham patented a method of preparing this material, which he used for See also:coach-See also:building, for See also:door and other panels, and for many See also:furniture and structural purposes. In 1845 the application of the material to See also:internal architectural decoration was patented by C. F. See also:Bielefeld of See also:London, and for this purpose it has come into extensive use. Under the name of carton See also:Pierre a substance which is essentially papier mache is also largely employed as a substitute 6 See further Did. of See also:Christ and the Gospels, s.v. The supposition that See also:Philip of See also:Side implies a date under See also:Hadrian is a See also:mistake.

For the later date, see J. B. See also:

Lightfoot, Essays on " Supernatural See also:Religion" (1889), pp. 142-216. is for See also:plaster in the moulded ornaments of See also:roofs and walls, and the See also:ordinary roofing felts, too, are very closely allied in their See also:composition to papier macho. Under the name of ceramic papier macho, architectural enrichments are also made of a composition derived from paper pulp, See also:resin, See also:glue, a drying oil and acetate of See also:lead. Among the other articles for which the substance is used may be enumerated masks, dolls' heads and other toys, anatomical and botanical See also:models, artists' See also:ray figures, milliners' and clothiers' blocks, See also:mirror and picture-frames, tubes, &c. The materials for the commoner classes of work are old See also:waste and scrap paper, repulped and mixed with a strong See also:size of glue and See also:paste. To this very often are added large quantities of ground See also:chalk, clay and See also:fine See also:sand, so that the preparation is little more than a plaster held together by the fibrous pulp. Wood pulp (from See also:Sweden) is now largely used for making papier macho. For the finest class of work Clay's See also:original method is retained. It consists of soaking several sheets of a specially made paper in a strong size of paste and glue, pasting these together, and pressing them in the See also:mould of the See also:article to be made.

The moulded See also:

mass is dried in a See also:stove, and, if necessary, further similar layers of paper are added, till the required thickness is attained. The dried See also:object is hardened by dipping in oil, after which it is variously trimmed and prepared for See also:japanning and ornamentation. For very delicate See also:relief ornaments, a pulp of scrap paper is prepared, which after drying is ground to See also:powder mixed with paste and a proportion of potash, all of which are thoroughly incorporated into a fine smooth stiff paste. The numerous processes by which See also:surface decoration is applied to papier macho differ in no way from the application of like ornamentation to other surfaces. Papier macho for its See also:weight is an exceedingly tough, strong, durable substance, possessed of some See also:elasticity, little subject to warp or fracture, and unaffected by damp. See L. E. See also:Andes, See also:Die Fabrikation der Papiermache- and Papierstoff-Waaren (See also:Vienna, 1900); A. Winzer, Die Bereitung and Beniitzstng der Papiermache and dhnlicher Kompositionen (4th ed., See also:Weimar, 1907).

End of Article: PAPIER

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