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body was mainly supported on this and the two adjoining digits, which appear to have been encased in hoofs, thus foreshadowing the tridactyle type See also:

COMMON

common in perissodactyle and certain See also:

EXTINCT

extinct See also:

groups of ungulates. The See also:

SKULL

skull was small, with proportionately See also:

minute See also:

BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain; and the arched back, strong lumbar vertebrae, See also:

long and powerful tail, and comparatively feeble fore-quarters all proclaim kinship with the primitive creodont See also:

CARNIVORA

Carnivora (see See also:

CREODONTA

CREODONTA), from which Phenacodus and its See also:

ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies, and through them the more typical See also:

UNGULATA

Ungulata, are probably derived. All the bones of the limbs are See also:

SEPARATE

separate, and those of the carpus and See also:

TARSUS (mod. Tersous)

tarsus do not alternate; that is to say, each one in the upper See also:

ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row is placed immediately above the corresponding one in the row below. The full See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

FORTY

forty-four See also:

TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth was See also:

DEVELOPED

developed; and the upper molars were See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-crowned, or brachyodont, with six See also:

low cones, two See also:

INTERNAL

internal, two intermediate and two See also:

EXTERNAL

external, so that they were of the typical primitive bunodont structure. In habits the See also:

animal was See also:

CURSORIAL

cursorial and herbivorous. or possibly carnivorous. In the Puerco, or Lowest Eocene of North America the See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the above See also:

SPECIES

species was taken by Euprotogonia puercensis, an animal only See also:

HALF

half the See also:

SIZE

size of Phenacodus primaevus, with the terminal See also:

JOINTS

joints of the limbs intermediate between hoofs and claws, and the first and fifth toes taking their full See also:

SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the support of the weight of the body. These two genera may be regarded as forming the earliest stages in the See also:

EVOLUTION

evolution of the See also:

HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, coming below Hyracotherium (see See also:

EQUIDAE

EQUIDAE). As ancestors of the Artiodactyle See also:

section of the Ungulata, we may look to forms more or less closely related to the North See also:

AMERICAN

American Lower Eocene genera Mioclaenus and Pantolestes, respectively typifying the families Mioclaenidae and Pantolestidae. They were five-toed, bunodont Condylarthra, with a decided approximation to the perissodactyle type in the structure of the feet. A third type of Condylarthra from the North American Lower Eocene is represented by the family Meniscotheriidae, including the genera Meniscotherium and Hyracops.

These, it is suggested, may have been related to the ancestral See also:

HYRACOIDEA

Hyracoidea. Teeth and jaws probably referable to the Condylarthra have been obtained in See also:

EUROPEAN

European See also:

early See also:

TERTIARY

Tertiary formations. All Ungulata probably originated from Condylarthra. See H. F. See also:

OSBORN, SHERARD (1822—1875)

Osborn, See also:

SKELETON

Skeleton of Phenacodus primaevus; comparison with Euprotogonia, See also:

Bull. Amer. See also:

Mus. x. 159. (R. L.*) PHENANTHRENE, C14HIo, a See also:

HYDROCARBON

hydrocarbon isomeric with See also:

ANTHRACENE (from the Greek avOpa, coal)

anthracene, with which it occurs in the fraction of the See also:

COAL

coal See also:

tar distillate boiling between 2700—400° C. It may be separated from the anthracene oil by repeated fractional See also:

DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation, followed by fractional See also:

CRYSTALLIZATION

crystallization from See also:

ALCOHOL

alcohol (anthracene being the less soluble), and finally purified by oxidizing any residual anthracene with See also:

POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium bichromate and sulphuric See also:

ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid (R.

Anschutz and G. See also:

SCHULTZ, HERMANN (1836- )

Schultz, See also:

Ann., 1879, 196, p. 35); or the two See also:

HYDROCARBONS

hydrocarbons may be separated by See also:

CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon bisulphide, in which anthracene is insoluble. It is formed when the vapours of See also:

TOLUENE, or METHYLBENZENE

toluene, stilbene, dibenzyl, ortho-ditolyl, or coumarone and See also:

BENZENE, C6H6

benzene are passed through a red-hot See also:

TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube; by distilling See also:

MORPHINE

morphine with See also:

ZINC

zinc dust; and, with anthracene, by the See also:

ACTION

action of See also:

SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium on ortho-brombenzyl bromide (C. L. See also:

Jackson and J. F. See also:

White, Amer. Chem. Jour., 188o, 2, p. 391). It crystallizes in colourless plates or needles, which melt at 99° C.

Its solutions in alcohol and See also:

ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether have a faint See also:

BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue See also:

FLUORESCENCE

fluorescence. When heated to 250° C. with red See also:

PHOSPHORUS (Gr. 4ws, light, sPEpety, to bear)

phosphorus and hydriodic acid it gives a hydride C,4 H24. It is nitrated by nitric acid and sulphonated by sulphuric acid. With picric acid it forms a sparingly soluble picrate, which melts at 145° C. On the See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of phenanthrene in alcoholic See also:

SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution see R. Behrend, Zeit. phys. Chem., 1892, 9, p. 405; 10, p. 265. Chromic acid oxidizes phenanthrene, first to phenanthre..;:-4uinone, and then to diphenic acid, HO2C•See also:

C6H4•C6H4•See also:

CO2H

CO2H. Phenanthrene-quinone, [C6H412[CO]2, crystallizes in See also:

orange needles which melt at 1980 C. It possesses the characteristic properties of a diketone, forming crystalline derivatives with sodium bisulphite and a dioxime with See also:

HYDROXYLAMINE, NH2OH

hydroxylamine.

It is non-volatile in See also:

steam, and is odourless. Sulphurous acid reduces it to the corresponding dihydroxy See also:

compound. It combines with ortho-diamines, in the presence of acetic acid, to See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form phenazines. On the constitution of phenanthrene see See also:

CHEMISTRY: § Organic.

End of Article: PHENACODUS

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PHENAZINE (Azophenylene), C12H5N2