Online Encyclopedia

Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.

ROSTOV VELIKIY

Online Encyclopedia
Originally appearing in Volume V23, Page 756 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
» Make a correction to this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Spread the word: del.icio.us del.icio.us it!

ROSTOV VELIKIY , a See also:

town of See also:Russia, in the See also:government of See also:Yaroslavl, 35 M. by See also:rail S.W. of the town of Yaroslavl, near See also:Lake Rostov or See also:Nero. Pop. (1897) 14,342• It has numerous See also:cotton and See also:linen See also:mills. The See also:great See also:fair for which it was formerly famous has lost its importance, but the town remains the centre of a variety of domestic trades—tailoring, the manufacture of See also:leather, and the making of boots and small enamelled ikons (sacred images) ; it is also famous for its See also:kitchen gardening and the export of pickled and dried vegetables and medical herbs. Fishing is carried on. The restoration of the buildings(royal See also:palace, archiepiscopal palace, and five churches) of the kreml or citadel was begun in 1901. The other public buildings include six 17th-See also:century churches, a museum and a See also:cathedral, consecrated in 1231 and having its interior walls covered with paintings. Rostov was founded by Slays in or before 862, and played so prominent a role in the See also:history of that See also:part of Russia that it used to be known as Rostov the Great. From the beginning of the 11th century to the 13th it was the See also:chief town of a territory which included large parts of the See also:present governments of Yaroslavl, See also:Vladimir and See also:Novgorod. After the Mongol invasion of 1239–42 it rapidly declined, and in 1474 it was See also:purchased by See also:Ivan III. and annexed to See also:Moscow. It was repeatedly plundered by See also:Tatars, See also:Lithuanians and Poles in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. ROSTRA' (" beaks "), in See also:Roman antiquities, the orators' See also:platform, which originally stood between the comitium and the See also:forum proper, opposite the See also:curia.

It is not known when it was erected, but in 338 B.C. it was decorated by Gains See also:

Maenius with the prows of See also:ships captured from the See also:people of See also:Antium (See also:Livy viii. 14). From that See also:time it was called Rostra, having previously been known as templum (literally " consecrated See also:place "), since it had been consecrated by the See also:augurs (See also:Cicero, In Vatinium, x. 24). Some, however, deny the identity of the See also:tern See also:plum and rostra. On the platform or hard by were exhibited the statues of famous See also:Romans (See also:Camillus, See also:Caesar), and See also:state documents and memorials (the See also:laws of the Twelve Tables, the treaty with the Latins, the columna rostrata of See also:Duilius). Caesar had it pulled down, intending that it should be rebuilt on the See also:west See also:side of the forum, but it was See also:left for See also:Augustus (or See also:Mark Antony) to carry out his See also:plan. The See also:term Rostra Vetera, often used by classical authors in connexion with funeral orations, makes it doubtful whether the old platform was entirely demolished, unless the name was simply transferred to the new rostra of Augustus. This consisted of a rectangular platform, 78 ft. See also:long, 33 ft. broad and 11 ft. above the level of the forum See also:pavement. It was reached by steps from the back; in front there was a See also:marble See also:balustrade with an opening in the centre where the See also:speaker stood, possibly also intended for a See also:staircase leading down into the forum. In the existing remains the holes in which the beaks of the ships were fastened, arranged in pairs, are visible. Behind these remains, See also:close to the Clivus Capitolinus, a See also:row of See also:light See also:low-arched cells has been found, which, owing to a certain resemblance to the earlier rostra as shown on the well-known. See also:coin of See also:Lollius Palicanus, has been identified by See also:Boni with the rostra removed by See also:Julius Caesar, the other remains being attributed to the time of See also:Domitian (for objections to this theory, see Hulsen and See also:Richter).

In the time of See also:

Hadrian the side balustrades were decorated with marble slabs, on which were represented in See also:relief the burning of the lists of the citizens who were in arrears to the fisc and the See also:distribution of necessaries to the poorer citizens. Thedenat explains the first as Domitian re-assuring a deputation of citizens by burning the denunciatory reports of the delatores, and the second (the See also:scene of which he places at the Rostra Julia) as the promulgation of the See also:law forbidding the See also:mutilation of See also:children. The erection of the See also:arch of See also:Severus necessitated considerable alterations, the most important of which was a triangular courtyard cut out of the See also:north See also:half of the rostra, to allow See also:direct See also:access to it from the side that faced the arch, its breadth being thereby reduced by a third. A later See also:extension of the See also:facade northwards is explained by a long inscription, recording that about the See also:year 470, Ulpius See also:Junius See also:Valentinus, a See also:city See also:prefect, restored the structure (hence called Rostra Vandalica) after a See also:naval victory over the See also:Vandals. A relief on the arch of See also:Constantine represents the See also:emperor speaking from the rostra. The Rostra Julia was a platform with a semicircular See also:niche ' The See also:Lat. singular rostrum, a See also:beak, the beak of a See also:ship, is used in See also:English of a platform, stand or See also:pulpit from which a speaker addresses his See also:audience. It is also used in its See also:original meaning of a beak-like prolongation or See also:process in See also:zoology or See also:botany. in the centre, in front of the Aedes divi Julii, built by Augustus on the spot where the See also:body of Caesar was cremated. The niche was probably used to support the bier while a funeral laudatio was being delivered. The front on either side was decorated with the beaks of ships captured at the See also:battle of See also:Actium. For results of the excavations see C. Hiilsen, Das Forum Romanum (Eng. tr. by J.

B. See also:

Carter, R* me, 1906) ; see also O. Richter, " Topo- fraphie der Stadt Rom " (1901), pp. 81, 93, 356 (iii. See also:Abt. 3, pt. 2 of . von See also:Muller's Handbuch der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft) ; H. Thedenat, Le Forum Romain (3rd ed. 1904); J. H. See also:Middleton, Remains of See also:Ancient See also:Rome (1892); O. Richter, Rekonstruktion and Geschichte der romischen Rednerbiihne (See also:Berlin, 1884) ; F.

M. See also:

Nichols, The Roman Forum (1877); also See also:article ROME: See also:Archaeology.

End of Article: ROSTOV VELIKIY

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.

Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.

[back]
ROSTOPTSCHIN, COUNT FEODOR VASSILIEVICH (1763-1826)... 		[next]
ROTA, COURT OF

Site © 2006 - Net Industries