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AMPLITUDE (from Lat. amplus, large)

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Originally appearing in Volume V01, Page 894 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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AMPLITUDE (from See also:Lat. amplus, large) , in See also:astronomy, the angular distance of the rising or setting See also:sun, or other heavenly See also:body, from the See also:east or See also:west point of the See also:horizon; used mostly by navigators in finding the variation of the See also:compass by the setting sun. In See also:algebra, if a be a real See also:positive quantity and w a See also:root of unity, then a is the amplitude of the product aw. In elliptic integrals, the amplitude is the limit of integration when the integral is laboured to prevent the extreme partisans of papal See also:infallibility from having everything their own way. But in his capacity of clear-headed observer, whose business it was to reflect the actual truth upon the mind of his See also:government, he was obliged to make it quite clear that they had no See also:chance whatever, and in conversing with those whose opinions were quite unlike his own, such as See also:Cardinal See also:Manning, he seems to have shown that he had no illusions about the result of the See also:long debate. In 1868 See also:Odo See also:Russell married See also:Lady Emily See also:Theresa See also:Villiers, the daughter of See also:Lord See also:Clarendon. In 187o he was appointed assistant under-secretary at the See also:foreign See also:office, and in See also:November of that See also:year was sent on a See also:special See also:mission to the headquarters of the See also:German See also:army, where he remained till 1871. It was in connexion with this mission that an See also:episode occurred which at the See also:time threw much discredit upon See also:Gladstone's government. See also:Russia had taken See also:advantage of the collapse of See also:France and her own cordial relations with See also:Prussia to denounce the See also:Black See also:Sea clauses of the treaty of See also:Paris of 1856. Russell, in an interview with See also:Bismarck, pointed out that unless Russia withdrew from an attitude which involved the destruction of a treaty solemnly guaranteed by the See also:powers, See also:Great See also:Britain would be forced to go to See also:war " with or without See also:allies." This strong attitude was effective, and the question was ultimately referred to and settled by the See also:conference which met at See also:London in 1871. Though the result was to See also:score a distinct See also:diplomatic success for the Liberal government, the bellicose method employed wounded Liberal sentiment and threatened to create trouble for the See also:ministry in See also:parliament. On the 16th of See also:February 1871, accordingly, Gladstone, in See also:answer to a question, said that " the See also:argument used by Mr Odo Russell was not one which had been directed by her See also:Majesty's government," that it was used by him " without any specific instructions or authority from the government," but that, at the same time, no blame was to be attached to him, as it was " perfectly well known that the See also:duty of diplomatic agents requires them to See also:express themselves in that mode in which they think they can best support and recommend the propositions of which they wish to procure See also:acceptance." This Gladstonian explanation was widely criticized as an illegitimate attack on Russell. What is certain is that the foreign office and the See also:country profited by Russell's firmness.

(See See also:

Morley's Gladstone, ii. 534•) A little later in the same year he received the well-deserved See also:reward of his labours by being made See also:ambassador at See also:Berlin. During the months he passed at the foreign office he was examined before the See also:committee of the See also:House of See also:Commons, already alluded to, and had an opportunity of stating very distinctly in public some of his views with regard to his profession. " If you could only organize See also:diplomacy properly," he said, " you would create a body of men who might See also:influence the destinies of mankind and ensure the See also:peace of the See also:world." In these words we have the See also:key to the thought and habitual See also:action of one of the best and wisest public servants of the time. Russell remained at Berlin, with only brief intervals of See also:absence, from the 16th of See also:October 1871 till his See also:death at See also:Potsdam on the 25th of See also:August 1884. He was third plenipotentiary at the Berlin See also:congress, and is generally credited with having prevented, by his tact and See also:good sense, the See also:British See also:prime See also:minister from making a speech in See also:French, which he knew very imperfectly and pronounced abominably. In 1874 Odo Russell received a patent of See also:precedence raising him to the See also:rank of a See also:duke's son, and after the congress of Berlin he was offered a See also:peerage by the Conservative government. This he naturally declined, but accepted the See also:honour in 1881 when it was offered by the Liberals, taking the See also:title of See also:Baron See also:Ampthill. He became a privy councillor in 1872 and was made a G.C.B. somewhat later. At the conference about the See also:Greek frontier, which followed the congress of Berlin, he was the only British representative. During all his long sojourn in the Prussian See also:capital, he did everything that in him See also:lay to bring about See also:close and friendly relations between Great Britain and See also:Germany. He kept on the best of terms with Bismarck, carefully avoiding everything that could give any cause of offence to that most jealous and most unscrupulous minister, whom he, however, See also:AMRAOTI did not hesitate to withstand when his unscrupulousness went the length of deliberately attempting to deceive.

He was succeeded as and baron by his son, See also:

ARTHUR See also:OLIVER VILLIERS RUSSELL (b. 1869), who rowed in the See also:Oxford eight (1889, 1890, 1891) and became a prominent Unionist politician. He was private secretary to Mr See also:Chamberlain, 1895-1897, and See also:governor of See also:Madras, 1899-1906. In 1904 he acted temporarily as See also:Viceroy of See also:India. (M. G.

End of Article: AMPLITUDE (from Lat. amplus, large)

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AMPLIATIVE (from Lat. ampliare, to enlarge)
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AMPSANCTUS, or AMSANCTUS (mod. Sorgente Mefita)