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January 1825. From 1848 until the completion of Italian unity in 187o, his whole activity was devoted to the Risorgimento, as Garibaldian officer, See also:

POLITICAL

political refugee, See also:

ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-See also:

AUSTRIAN

Austrian conspirator and See also:

DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy to See also:

PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament. He commanded a volunteer See also:

COMPANY

company under See also:

GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE (1807-1882)

Garibaldi in 18J9 and 186o, being wounded slightly at See also:

CALATAFIMI

Calatafimi and severely at See also:

PALERMO (Greek, Havopuos; Latin, Panhormus, Panormus)

Palermo in the latter See also:

YEAR

year. In 1866, with the See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel, he assisted Garibaldi in See also:

TIROL (or TYROL 1)

Tirol, in 1867 fought at Mentana, and in 187o conducted the negotiations with See also:

Bismarck, during which the See also:

German See also:

CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor is alleged to have promised See also:

Italy See also:

possession of See also:

Rome and of her natural frontiers if the Democratic party could prevent an See also:

ALLIANCE

alliance between See also:

Victor See also:

EMMANUEL, or IMMANUEL

Emmanuel and See also:

NAPOLEON

Napoleon. The See also:

PRESTIGE

prestige personally acquired by Benedetto Cairoli was augmented by that of his four See also:

BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, who See also:

fell during the See also:

WARS

wars of Risorgimento, and by the heroic conduct of their See also:

MOTHER

mother. His refusal of all See also:

COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation or distinction further endeared him to the Italian See also:

PEOPLE

people: When in 1876 the See also:

LEFT

Left came into See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, Cairoli, then a deputy of sixteen years' See also:

STANDING

standing, became See also:

PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of his party, and, after the fall of See also:

DEPRETIS, AGOSTINO (1813-1887)

Depretis, See also:

NICOTERA, GIOVANNI (1828-1894)

Nicotera and See also:

CRISPI, FRANCESCO (1819-1901)

Crispi, formed his first See also:

CABINET

cabinet in See also:

March 1878 with a Francophil and Irredentist policy. After his See also:

MARRIAGE

marriage with the countess Elena Sizzo of See also:

Trent, he permitted the Irredentist agitation to carry the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country to the See also:

VERGE (Lat. virga, a rod)

verge of a See also:

war with See also:

Austria. See also:

General irritation was caused by his and See also:

COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

CORTI, LODOVICO, COUNT (1823–1888)

Corti's policy of " clean hands " at the See also:

Berlin See also:

CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress, where Italy obtained nothing, while Austria-See also:

Hungary secured a See also:

EUROPEAN

European See also:

MANDATE (Mandatum)

mandate to occupy Bosnia and the Herzegovina. A few months later the See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt of Passanante to assassinate See also:

King See also:

HUMBERT, RANIERI CARLO EMANUELE GIOVANNI MARIA FERDINANDO EUGENIO, KING OF ITALY (1844-1900)

Humbert at See also:

Naples (12th of See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1878) caused his downfall, in spite of the courage displayed and the severe See also:

WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound received by him in protecting the king's See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person on that occasion. On the 3rd of See also:

JULY

July 1879 Cairoli returned to power, and in the following See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November formed with Depretis a See also:

COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition See also:

MINISTRY

ministry, in which he retained the premiership and the See also:

FOREIGN

foreign See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office. Confidence in See also:

French assurances, and belief that See also:

GREAT

Great See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain would never permit the See also:

EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of French See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in See also:

North See also:

Africa, prevented him from foreseeing the French occupation of See also:

TUNIS

Tunis (11th of May 1881). In view of popular indignation he resigned in See also:

order to avoid making inopportune declarations to the chamber.

Thenceforward he practically disappeared from political See also:

LIFE

life. In 1887 he received the See also:

knight-See also:

hood of the Annunziata, the highest Italian decoration, and on the 8th of See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1889 died while a See also:

guest of King Humbert in the royal See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of Capodimonte near Naples. Cairoli was one of the most conspicuous representatives of that type of Italian public men who, having conspired and fought for a See also:

GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation in the cause of See also:

NATIONAL

national unity, were despite their valour little fitted for the responsible parliamentary and See also:

OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official positions they subsequently attained; and who by their See also:

IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance of foreign affairs and of See also:

INTERNAL

internal See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration unwittingly impeded the political development of their country.

End of Article: CAIROLI, BENEDETTO (1825-1889)

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