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See also:CAMALDULIANS, or CAMALDOLESE , a religious See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order founded by St Romuald. See also:Born of a See also:noble See also:family at See also:Ravenna c. 950, he retired at the See also:age of twenty to the See also:Benedictine monastery of S. Apollinare in Classe; but being strongly See also:drawn to the eremitical See also:life, he went to live with a See also:hermit in the neighbourhood of See also:Venice and then again near Ravenna. Here a See also:colony of hermits See also:grew up around him and he became the See also:superior. As soon as they were established in their manner of life, Romuald moved to another See also:district and there formed a second See also:settlement of hermits, only to proceed in the same way to the See also:establishment of other colonies of hermits or " deserts " as they were called. In this way during the course of his life Romuald formed a See also:great number of " deserts " throughout central See also:Italy. His See also:chief See also:foundation was at Camaldoli on the heights of the Tuscan See also:Apennines not far from See also:Arezzo, in a vale See also:snow-covered during See also:half the See also:year. Romuald's See also:idea was to reintroduce into the See also:West the See also:primitive eremitical See also:form of monachism, as practised by the first See also:Egyptian and Syrian monks. His monks dwelt in See also:separate huts around the See also:oratory, and came together only for divine service and on certain days for meals. The life was one of extreme rigour in regard to See also:food, clothing, silence and See also:general observance. Besides the hermits there were See also:lay See also:brothers to help in carrying out the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field See also:work and rougher occupations. St Romuald and the See also:early Camaldolese exercised considerable See also:influence on the religious movements of their, See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time; the emperors See also:Otto III. and See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry II. esteemed him highly and sought his See also:advice on religious questions. Disciples of St Romuald went on See also:missions to the still See also:heathen parts of See also:Russia, See also:Poland and See also:Prussia, where some of them suffered martyrdom. In his extreme old age St Romuald with twenty-five
of his monks started on a missionary expedition to See also:Hungary, but he was unable to accomplish the See also:journey. He died in 1027. After his See also:death mitigations were gradually introduced into the See also:rule and manner of life; and in the monastery of St See also:Michael in See also:Murano, Venice, the life became cenobitical. From that time to the See also:present See also:day there have always been both eremitical and cenobitical Camaldolese, the latter approximating to See also:ordinary Benedictine life. The Camaldolese spread all over Italy, and into See also:Germany, Poland and See also:France. Camaldoli itself exists as a " See also:desert," the primitive observance of the See also:institute being strictly maintained. There are a few other " deserts," all in Italy, except one in Poland; and there are about 90 hermits. The chief monastery of the cenobitical Camaldolese is S. Gregorio on the Caelian See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
Hill in See also:Rome; they number less than See also:forty. Since the 11th-See also:century there have been Camaldolese nuns; at present there are five nunneries with 1,50 nuns, all belonging to the cenobitical See also:branch of the order. The See also:habit of the Camaldulians is See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white.
See See also:Helyot, Hist. See also:des ordres religieux (1792) v. cc. 21-25; Max Heinibucher, Orden and Kongregationen (1896) i. § 29; and the See also:art. " Camaldulenser " in Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexikon (2nd ed.), and See also:Herzog, Realencyklopddie (3rd ed.). (E. C.
End of Article: CAMALDULIANS, or CAMALDOLESE
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