|
See also:CHRISTIAN III . (15o3-1559), See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Denmark and See also:Norway, was the son of See also:Frederick I. of Denmark and his first See also:consort, See also:Anne of See also:Brandenburg. His earliest teacher, Wolfgang von Utenhof, who came straight from See also:Wittenberg, and the Lutheran Holsteiner Johann Rantzau, who became his See also:tutor, were both able and zealous reformers. In 1521 Christian travelled in See also:Germany, and was See also:present at the See also:diet of See also:Worms, where See also:Luther's behaviour profoundly impressed him. On his return he found that his See also:father had been elected king of Denmark in the See also:place of Christian II., and the See also:young See also:prince's first public service was the reduction of See also:Copenhagen, which stood See also:firm for the fugitive Christian II. He made no See also:secret of his Lutheran views, and his outspokenness brought him into collision, not only with the See also:Catholic Rigsraad, but also with his cautious and temporizing father. At his own See also:court at See also:Schleswig he did his best to introduce the See also:Reformation, despite the opposition of the bishops. Both as See also:stadtholder of the Duchies in 1526, and as See also:viceroy of Norway in 1529, he displayed considerable administrative ability, though here too his religious intolerance greatly provoked the Catholic party. There was even some talk of passing him over in the See also:succession to the See also:throne, in favour of his See also:half-See also:brother Hans, who had been brought up in the old See also:religion. On his father's See also:death Christian was proclaimed king at the See also:local diet of See also:Viborg, and took an active See also:part in the " Grevens Fejde " or " See also:Count's See also:War."
The See also:triumph of so fanatical a reformer as Christian brought about the fall of Catholicism, but the Catholics were still so strong in the See also:council of See also:state that Christian was forced to have recourse to a coup d'etat, which he successfully accomplished by means of his See also:German mercenaries (12th of See also:August 1536), an absolutely inexcusable See also:act of violence loudly blamed by Luther himself, and accompanied by the wholesale spoliation of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church. Christian's finances were certainly readjusted thereby, but the ultimate gainers by the See also:confiscation were the nobles, and both See also:education and morality suffered grievously in consequence. The circumstances under which Christian III. ascended the throne naturally exposed Denmark to the danger of See also:foreign domination. It was with the help of the gentry of the duchies that Christianhad conquered Denmark. German and See also:Holstein noblemen had led his armies and directed his See also:diplomacy. Naturally, a mutual confidence between a king who had conquered his See also:kingdom and a See also:people who had stood in arms against him was not attainable immediately, and the first six years of Christian III.'s reign were marked by a contest between the Danish Rigsraad and the German counsellors, both of whom sought to See also:rule " the pious king " exclusively. Though the Danish party won a See also:signal victory at the outset, by obtaining the insertion in the See also:charter of provisions stipulating that only native-See also:born Danes should fill the highest dignities of the state, the king's German counsellors continued See also:paramount during the earlier years of his reign. The ultimate triumph of the Danish party See also:dates from 1539, the dangers threatening Christian III. from the See also:emperor See also:Charles V. and other kinsmen of the imprisoned Christian II. convincing him of the See also:absolute See also:necessity of removing the last trace of discontent in the See also:land by leaning exclusively on Danish magnates and soldiers. The See also:complete See also:identification of the Danish king with the Danish people was accomplished at the Herredag of Copenhagen, 1542, when the See also:nobility of Denmark voted Christian a twentieth part of all their See also:property to pay off his heavy See also:debt to the Holsteiners and Germans.
The See also:pivot of the foreign policy of Christian III. was his See also:alliance with the German Evangelical princes, as a counterpoise to the persistent hostility of Charles V., who was determined to support the hereditary claims of his nieces, the daughters of Christian II., to the Scandinavian kingdoms. War was actually declared against Charles V. in 1542, and, though the German See also:Protestant princes proved faithless See also:allies, the closing of the See also:Sound against Dutch See also:shipping proved such an effective weapon in King Christian's See also:hand that the See also:Netherlands compelled Charles V. to make See also:peace with Denmark at the diet of See also:Spires, the 23rd of May 1544. The foreign policy of Christian's later days was regulated by the peace of Spires. He carefully avoided all foreign complications; refused to participate in the Schmalkaldic war of 1546; mediated between the emperor and See also:Saxony after the fall of See also:Maurice of Saxony at the See also:battle of Sievershausen in 1553, and contributed essentially to the conclusion of peace. King Christian III. died on New See also:Year's See also:Day 1559. Though not perhaps a See also:great, he was, in the fullest sense of the word, a See also:good ruler. A strong sense of See also:duty, genuine piety, and a cautious but by no means pusillanimous See also:common-sense coloured every See also:action of his patient, laborious and eventful See also:life. But the See also:work he See also:left behind him is the best See also:- PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)
proof of his statesmanship. He found Denmark in ruins; he left her stronger and wealthier than she had ever been before.
See Danmarks Riges Historie, vol. 3 (Copenhagen, 1897-1901); Huitfeld, King Christian III.'s Historie (Copenhagen, 1595) ; See also:Bain, Scandinavia, cap. iv. v. (See also:Cambridge, 1905). (R. N.
End of Article: CHRISTIAN III
Additional information and Comments
There are no comments yet for this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.
Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.
|
del.icio.us it!