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See also:CHRISTIAN IV . (1577-1648), See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Denmark and See also:Norway, the son of See also:Frederick II., king of Denmark, and See also:Sophia of See also:Mecklenburg, was See also:born at Fredriksborg See also:castle in 1577, and succeeded to the See also:throne on the See also:death of his See also:father (4th of See also:April 1588), attaining his See also:majority on the 17th of See also:August 1596. On the 27th of See also:November 1597 he married See also:Anne See also:Catherine, a daughter of See also:Joachim Frederick, See also:margrave of See also:Brandenburg. The See also:queen died fourteen years later, after bearing Christian six See also:children. Four years after her death the king privately wedded a handsome See also:young gentlewoman, See also:Christina Munk, by whom he had twelve children, —a connexion which was to be disastrous to Denmark.
The young king's See also:court was one of the most joyous and magnificent in See also:Europe; yet he found See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time for See also:work of the most various description, including a See also:series of domestic reforms (see DENMARK: See also:History). He also did very much for the See also:national armaments. New fortresses were constructed under the direction of Dutch See also:engineers. The Danish See also:navy, which in 1596 consisted of but twenty-two vessels, in 1610 See also:rose to sixty, some of them being built after Christian's own designs. The formation of a national See also:army was more difficult. Christian had to depend mainly upon hired troops, supported by native levies recruited for the most See also:part from the peasantry on the See also:crown domains. His first experiment with his newly organized army was successful. In
the See also:war with See also:Sweden, generally known as the "See also:Kalmar War," because its See also:chief operation was the See also:capture by the Danes of Kalmar, the eastern fortress of Sweden, Christian compelled Gustavus See also:Adolphus to give way on all essential points (treaty of Knared, loth of See also:January 1613). He now turned his See also:attention to See also:Germany. His See also:object was twofold: first, to obtain the See also:control of the See also:great See also:German See also:rivers the See also:Elbe and the See also:Weser, as a means of securing his dominion of the See also:northern seas; and secondly, to acquire the secularized German bishoprics of See also:Bremen and See also:Werden as appanages for his younger sons. He skilfully took See also:advantage of the alarm of the German Protestants after the See also:battle of See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
White See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
Hill in 1620, to secure the coadjutorship to the see of Bremen for his son Frederick (See also:September 1621), a step followed in November by a similar arrangement as to Werden; while See also:Hamburg by the compact of Steinburg (See also:July 1621) was induced to acknowledge the Danish pverlordship of See also:Holstein. The growing ascendancy of the Catholics in See also:North Germany in and after 1623 almost induced Christian, for purely See also:political reasons, to intervene directly in the See also:Thirty Years' War. For a time, however, he stayed his See also:hand, but the urgent solicitations of the western See also:powers, and, above all, his fear lest Gustavus Adolphus should supplant him as the See also:champion of the See also:Protestant cause, finally led him to plunge into war against the combined forces of the See also:emperor and the See also:League, without any adequate guarantees of co-operation from abroad. On the 9th of May 1625 Christian quitted Denmark for the front. He had at his disposal from 19,000 to 25,000 men, and at first gained some successes; but on the 27th of August 1626 he was utterly routed by See also:Tilly at Lutter-am-Barenberge, and in the summer of 1627 both Tilly and See also:Wallenstein, ravaging and burning, occupied the duchies and the whole See also:peninsula of See also:Jutland. In his extremity Christian now formed an See also:alliance with Sweden (1st of January 1628), whereby Gustavus Adolphus pledged himself to assist Denmark with a See also:fleet in See also:case of need, and shortly afterwards a Swedo-Danish army and fleet compelled Wallenstein to raise the See also:siege of See also:Stralsund. Thus the See also:possession of a See also:superior See also:sea-See also:power enabled Denmark to See also:tide over her worst difficulties, and in May 1629 Christian was able to conclude See also:peace with the emperor at See also:Lubeck, without any diminution of territory.
Christian IV. was now a broken See also:man. His See also:energy was temporarily paralysed by accumulated misfortunes. Not only his political hopes, but his domestic happiness had suffered See also:ship-See also:wreck. In the course of 1628 he discovered a scandalous intrigue of his wife, Christina Munk, with one of his German See also:officers; and when he put her away she endeavoured to See also:cover up her own disgrace by conniving at an intrigue between Vibeke Kruse, one of her discharged maids, and the king. In January 163o the rupture became final, and Christina retired to her estates in Jutland. Meanwhile Christian openly acknowledged Vibeke as his See also:mistress, and she See also:bore him a numerous See also:family. Vibeke's children were of course the natural enemies of the children of Christina Munk, and the hatred of the two families was not without See also:influence on the future history of Denmark. Between 1629 and 1643, however, Christian gained both in popularity and influence. During that See also:period he obtained once more the control of the See also:foreign policy of Denmark as well as of the See also:Sound tolls, and towards the end of it he hoped to increase his power still further with the assistance of his sons-in-See also:law, Korfits Ulfeld and See also:Hannibal See also:Sehested, who now came prominently forward.
Even at the lowest ebb of his fortunes Christian had never lost See also:hope of retrieving them, and between 1629 and 1643 the See also:European situation presented See also:infinite possibilities to politicians with a See also:taste for See also:adventure. Unfortunately, with all his gifts, Christian was no statesman, and was incapable of a consistent policy. He would neither conciliate Sweden, henceforth his most dangerous enemy, nor guard himself against her by a definite See also:system of See also:counter-alliances. By mediating in favour of the emperor, after the death of Gustavus Adolphus in 1632, he tried to minimize the influence of Sweden in Germany, and did glean some See also:minor advantages. But his whole Scandinavian policy was so irritating and vexatious that See also:Swedish statesmen made up their minds that a war with Denmark was only aquestion of time; and in the See also:spring of 1643 it seemed to them that the time had come.
They were now able, thanks to their conquests in the Thirty Years' War, to attack Denmark from the See also:south as well as the See also:east; the Dutch alliance promised to secure them at sea, and an attack upon Denmark would prevent her from utilizing the impending peace negotiations to the See also:prejudice of Sweden. In May the Swedish Riksrad decided upon war; on the 12th of See also:December the Swedish See also:marshal Lennart See also:Torstensson, advancing from Bohemia, crossed the northern frontier of Denmark; by the end of January 1644 the whole peninsula of Jutland was in his possession. This totally unexpected attack, conducted from first to last with consummate ability and See also:lightning-like rapidity, had a paralysing effect upon Denmark. Fortunately, in the midst of almost universal helplessness and confusion, Christian IV. knew his See also:duty and had the courage to do it. In his sixty-See also:sixth See also:year he once more displayed some-thing of the magnificent energy of his triumphant youth. See also:Night and See also:day he laboured to See also:levy armies and equip fleets. Fortunately too for him, the Swedish See also:government delayed hostilities in Scania till See also:February 1644, so that the Danes were able to make adequate defensive preparations and See also:save the important fortress of See also:Malmo. Torstensson, too, was unable to See also:cross from Jutland to Funen for want of a fleet, and the Dutch See also:auxiliary fleet which came to his assistance was defeated between the islands of See also:Sylt and Ronno on the See also:west See also:coast of See also:Schleswig by the Danish admirals. Another See also:attempt to transport Torstensson and his army to the Danish islands by a large Swedish fleet was frustrated by Christian IV. in See also:person on the 1st of July 1644. On that day the two fleets encountered off Kolberge See also:Heath, S.E. of See also:Kiel See also:Bay, and Christian displayed a heroism which endeared him ever after to the Danish nation and made his name famous in See also:song and See also:story. As he stood on the See also:quarter-See also:deck of the " Trinity" a See also:cannon See also:close by was exploded by a Swedish See also:bullet, and splinters of See also:wood and See also:- METAL
- METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)
metal wounded the king in thirteen places, See also:blinding one See also:eye and flinging him to the deck. But he was instantly on his feet again, cried with a loud See also:voice that it was well with him, and set every one an example of duty by remaining on deck till the fight was over. Darkness at last separated the contending fleets; and though the battle was a See also:drawn one, the Danish fleet showed its superiority by blockading the Swedish See also:ships in Kiel Bay. But the Swedish fleet escaped, and the annihilation of the Danish fleet by the combined navies of Sweden and See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland, after an obstinate fight between See also:Fehmarn and Laaland at the end of September, exhausted the military resources of Denmark and compelled Christian to accept the See also:mediation of See also:France and the See also:United Provinces; and peace was finally signed at Bromsebro on the 8th of February 1645.
The last years of the king were still further embittered by sordid See also:differences with his sons-in-law, especially with the most ambitious of them, Korfits Ulfeld. On the 21st of February 1648, at his See also:earnest See also:request, he was carried in a See also:litter from Fredriksborg to his beloved See also:Copenhagen, where he died a See also:week later. Christian IV. was a See also:good linguist, speaking, besides his native See also:tongue, German, Latin, See also:French and See also:Italian. Naturally cheerful and hospitable, he delighted in lively society; but he was also passionate, irritable and sensual. He had courage, a vivid sense of duty, an indefatigable love of work, and all the inquisitive zeal and inventive energy of a born reformer. Yet, though of the stuff of which great princes are made, he never attained to greatness. His own See also:pleasure, whether it took the See also:form of love or ambition, was always his first See also:consideration. In the heyday of his youth his high See also:spirits and See also:passion for adventure enabled him to surmount every obstacle with elan. But in the decline of See also:life he reaped the See also:bitter fruits of his lack of self-control, and sank into the See also:grave a weary and broken-hearted old man.
See Life (See also:Dan.), by H. C. See also:Bering Liisberg and A. L. Larsen (Copenhagen, 1890-1891); Letters (Dan.), ed. Carl Frederik Bricka and See also:Julius See also:Albert Fridericia (Copenhagen, 1878) ; Dannaarks Riges Historie, vol. 4 (Copenhagen, 1897—1905) ; See also:Robert Nisbet See also:Bain, Scandinavia, cap. vii. (See also:Cambridge, 1905). (R. N.
End of Article: CHRISTIAN IV
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