|
See also:CROOKES, See also:SIR See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
WILLIAM (1832– ) , See also:English chemist and physicist, was See also:born in See also:London on the 17th of See also:June 1832, and studied See also:chemistry at the Royal See also:College of Chemistry under A. W. von See also:Hofmann, whose assistant he became in 1851. Three years later he was appointed an assistant in the meteorological See also:department of the See also:Radcliffe See also:observatory, See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, and in 1855 he obtained a chemical See also:post at See also:Chester. In 1861, while conducting a spectroscopic. examination of the See also:residue See also:left in the manufacture of sulphuric See also:acid, he observed a See also:bright See also:green See also:line which had not been noticed previously, and by following up the indication thus given he succeeded in isolating a new See also:element, See also:thallium, a specimen of which was shown in public for the first See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time at the See also:exhibition of 1862. During the next eight years he carried out a See also:minute investigation of this See also:- METAL
- METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)
metal and its properties. While determining its atomic See also:weight, he thought it desirable, for the See also:sake of accuracy, to weigh it in a vacuum, and even in these circumstances he found that the See also:balance behaved in an anomalous manner, the metal appearing to be heavier when See also:cold than when hot. This phenomenon he explained as a " repulsion from See also:radiation," and he expressed his See also:discovery in the statement that in a See also:vessel exhausted of See also:air a See also:body tends to move away from another body hotter than itself. Utilizing this principle he constructed the See also:radiometer (q.v.), which he was at first disposed to regard as a See also:machine that directly transformed See also:light into See also:motion, but which was afterwards perceived to depend on thermal See also:action. Thence he was led to his famous researches on the phenomena produced by the See also:discharge of See also:electricity through highly exhausted tubes (sometimes known as " Crookes' tubes " in consequence), and to the development of his theory of " radiant See also:matter " or matter in a " See also:fourth See also:state," which led up to the See also:modern electronic theory. In 1883 he began an inquiry into the nature and constitution of the rare earths. By repeated
fractionations he was able to See also:divide See also:yttrium into distinct portions produce of cereals or other cultivated See also:plants, the See also:wheat-See also:crop, which gave different spectra when exposed in a high vacuum the See also:cotton-crop and the like, and generally, " the crops "; to the spark from an See also:induction coil. This result he considered
to be due, not to any removal of impurities, but to an actual splitting-up of the yttrium See also:molecule into its constituents, and he ventured to draw the provisional conclusion that the so-called See also:simple bodies are in reality See also:compound molecules, at the same time sngges sing that all the elements have been produced by a See also:process of See also:evolution from one primordial stuff or " protyle." A later result of this method of investigation was the discovery of a new member of the rare earths, monium or victorium, the spectrum of which is characterized by an isolated See also:group of lines, only to be detected photographically, high up in the ultra-See also:violet; thz existence of this body was announced in his presidential address to the See also:British Association at See also:Bristol in 1898. In the same address he called See also:attention to the conditions of the See also:world's See also:food See also:supply, urging that with the See also:low yield at See also:present realized per See also:acre the supply of wheat would within a comparatively See also:short time cease to be equal to the demand caused by increasing See also:population, and that since nitrogenous See also:manures are essential for an increase in the yield, the See also:hope of averting See also:starvation, as regards those races for whom wheat is a See also:staple food, depended on the ability of the chemist to find an artificial method for fixing the See also:nitrogen of the air. An authority on See also:precious stones, and especially the See also:diamond, he succeeded in artificially making some minute specimens of the latter See also:gem; and on the discovery of See also:radium he was one of the first to take up the study of its properties, in particular inventing the spinthariscope, an See also:instrument in which the effects of a trace of radium See also:salt are manifested by the See also:phosphorescence produced on a See also:zinc sulphide See also:screen. In addition to many other researches besides those here mentioned, he wrote or edited various books on chemistry and chemical technology, including Select Methods of Chemical See also:Analysis, which went through a number of See also:editions; and he also gave a certain amount of time to the investigation of psychic phenomena, endeavouring to effect some measure of correlation between them and See also:ordinary See also:physical See also:laws. He was knighted in 1897, and received the Royal (1875), See also:Davy (1888), and See also:Copley (1904) medals of the Royal Society, besides filling the offices of See also:president of the Chemical Society and of the Institution of See also:Electrical See also:Engineers. He married Ellen, daughter of W. See also:Humphrey, of See also:Darlington, and their See also:golden See also:wedding was celebrated in 1906.
End of Article: CROOKES, SIR WILLIAM (1832– )
Additional information and Comments
There are no comments yet for this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.
Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.
|
del.icio.us it!