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See also:CURWEN, See also:JOHN (1816-188o) , See also:English See also:Nonconformist See also:minister and founder of the Tonic Sol-Fa See also:system of musical teaching, was See also:born at See also:Heckmondwike, See also:Yorkshire, of an old See also:Cumberland See also:family. His See also:father was a Nonconformist minister, and he himself adopted this profession, which he practised till 1864, when he gave it up in =See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to devote himself to his new method of musical nomenclature, designed to avoid the use of the stave with its lines and spaces. He adapted it from that of See also:Miss Sarah See also:Ann See also:Glover (1785-1867) of See also:Norwich, whose Sol-Fa system was based on the See also:ancient See also:gamut; but she omitted the See also:constant See also:recital of the alphabetical names of each See also:note and the arbitrary syllable indicating See also:key relationship, and also the recital of two or more such syllables when the same note was See also:common to as many keys (e.g. " C, Fa, Ut,".meaning that C is the subdominant of G and the tonic of C). The notes were represented by the See also:initials of the seven syllables, still in use in See also:Italy and See also:France as their names but in the " Tonic Sol-Fa " the seven letters refer to key relation-See also:ship and not to See also:pitch. Curwen was led to feel the importance of a See also:simple way of teaching how to sing by note by his experiences among See also:Sunday-school teachers. Apart from Miss Glover, the same See also:idea had been elaborated in France since J. J. See also:Rousseau's See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, by See also:Pierre Galin (1786-1821), Aime See also:Paris (1798-1866) and Emile Cheve (1804-1864), whose method of teaching how to read at sight also depended on the principle of " tonic relation-ship " being inculcated by the reference of every See also:sound to its tonic, by the use of a See also:numeral notation. Curwen brought out his See also:Grammar of Vocal See also:Music in 1843, and in 1853 started the Tonic Sol-Fa Association; and in 1879, after some difficulties with the See also:education See also:department, the Tonic Sol-Fa See also:College was opened. Curwen also took to See also:publishing,. and brought out a periodical called the Tonic Sol-fa Reporter, and in his later See also:life was occupied in directing the spreading organization of his system. He died at See also:Manchester on the 26th of May 1880. His son John See also:Spencer Curwen (b. 1847), who became See also:principal of the Tonic Sol-Fa College, published Memorials of J. Curwen in 1882. The Sol-Fa system has been widely adopted for use in education, as an easily teachable method in the See also:reading of music at sight, but its more ambitious aims, which are strenuously pushed, for providing a See also:superior method of musical notation generally, have not recommended themselves to musicians at large.
End of Article: CURWEN, JOHN (1816-188o)
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