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HEBBEL, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1813-1863)

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Originally appearing in Volume V13, Page 166 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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HEBBEL, See also:CHRISTIAN See also:FRIEDRICH (1813-1863) , See also:German poet and dramatist, was See also:born at Wesselburen in Ditmarschen, See also:Holstein, on the 18th of See also:March 1813. Though only the son of a poor bricklayer, he See also:early showed a See also:talent for See also:poetry, which was HEBBEL 165 first displayed to the See also:world by the publication, in the See also:Hamburg Modezeitung, of verses which he had sent to Amalie See also:Schoppe (1791-1858), a then popular journalist and author of nursery tales. Through the kindness of this See also:lady, who interested several of her See also:friends on his behalf, he was enabled to go to Hamburg and there prepare himself for the university. A See also:year later he went to See also:Heidelberg to study See also:law, but finding this uncongenial he passed on to the university of See also:Munich, where he devoted himself to See also:philosophy, See also:history and literature. In 1839 Hebbel See also:left Munich and wandered back to Hamburg on See also:foot, where he resumed his relations with Elsie Lensing, whose self-sacrificing assistance had helped him over the darkest days in Munich. In the same year he wrote his first tragedy See also:Judith (published 1841), which in the following year was performed in Hamburg and See also:Berlin and made his name known throughout See also:Germany. In 184o he wrote the tragedy Genoveva, and the following year finished a See also:comedy, Der Diamant, which he had begun at Munich, In 1842 he visited See also:Copenhagen, where he obtained from the See also:king of See also:Denmark a small travelling studentship, which enabled him to spend some See also:time in See also:Paris and two years (1844-1846) in See also:Italy. In Paris he wrote his See also:fine " tragedy of See also:common See also:life," Maria Magdalene (1844). On his return from Italy Hebbel met at See also:Vienna two See also:Polish noblemen, the See also:brothers Zerboni di Sposetti, who in their See also:enthusiasm for his See also:genius urged him to remain, and supplied him with the means to mingle in the best intellectual society of the See also:Austrian See also:capital. The unwonted life of ease had its effect. The old See also:precarious existence became a horror to him, he made a deliberate See also:breach with it by marrying (in 1846) the beautiful and wealthy actress Christine Enghaus, ruthlessly sacrificing the girl who had given up all for him and who remained faithful till her See also:death, on the ground that " a See also:man's first See also:duty is to the most powerful force within him, that which alone can give him happiness and be of service to the world ": in his See also:case the poetical See also:faculty, which would have perished "in the miserable struggle for existence." This "deadly See also:sin," which, " if See also:peace of See also:conscience be the test of See also:action," was, he considered, the best See also:act of his life, established his fortunes. Elise, however, still provided useful See also:inspiration for his See also:art.

As See also:

late as 18J5, shortly after her death, he wrote the little epic Mutter and See also:Kind, intended to show that the relation of See also:parent and See also:child is the essential See also:factor which makes the quality of happiness among all classes and under all conditions equal. See also:Long before this Hebbel had become famous. German sovereigns bestowed decorations upon him; and in See also:foreign capitals he was feted as the greatest of living German dramatists. From the See also:grand-See also:duke of See also:Saxe-See also:Weimar he received a flattering invitation to take up his See also:residence at Weimar, where several of his plays were first performed. He remained, however, at Vienna until his death on the 13th of See also:December 1863. Besides the See also:works already mentioned, Hebbel's See also:principal tragedies are Herodes and Mariamne (185o); Julia (1851); See also:Michel Angelo (1851); See also:Agnes See also:Bernauer (1855); See also:Gyges and See also:rein See also:Ring (1856), and the magnificently conceived trilogy See also:Die Nibelungen (1862), his last See also:work (consisting of a See also:prologue, Der gehornte Siegfried, and the tragedies, Siegfrieds See also:Tod and Kriemhilds Rache), which won for the author the See also:Schiller See also:prize. Of his comedies Der Diamant (1847), Der Rubin (185o), and the tragi-comedy Ein Trauerspiel in Sizilien (1845), are the more important, but they are heavy and hardly rise above mediocrity. All his dramatic productions, however, exhibit skill in characterization, See also:great glow of See also:passion, and a true feeling for dramatic situation; but their poetic effect is frequently marred by extravagances which border on the See also:grotesque, and by the introduction of incidents the unpleasant See also:character of which is not sufficiently relieved. In many of his lyric poems, and especially in Mutter and Kind, published in 1859, Hebbel showed that his poetic gifts were not restricted to the See also:drama. His collected works were first published by E. Kuh (12 vols., Description of See also:Building Temperature Cubic Feet of See also:Air heated by to be heated. required. i sq. ft. of Radiator or See also:Pipe See also:Surface. See also:Low Pressure Low Pressure See also:Water.

See also:

Steam. Dwelling rooms 55°-6o° 85-90 115—125 See also:Schools . . 6o° 90-100 120-130 Churches and chapels 55°-6o° 100-120 135-160 Offices and shops 55°-60° 120-125 160-170 Public halls, workshops, waiting-rooms 130-150 175-200 Warehouses, stores 50 -55° 14o-16o 190-220 Hamburg, 1866-1868); revised by H. Krumm (12 vols., Hamburg, 1892). The best See also:critical edition is that by R. M. See also:Werner (I2 vols., 19o1—19o3), to which have been added Hebbel's Diaries (4 vols.) and See also:Correspondence (6 vols.). Hebbel's Briefwechsel mit Freunden and bernhmten Zeitgenossen was issued by F. See also:Bamberg (1890—1892). The See also:chief See also:biographies of Hebbel are those by E. Kuh (1877) and R. M.

Werner (1905). See also L., A. See also:

Frankl, Zur Biographic F. Hebbels (1884) ; T. Poppe, F. Hebbel and sein Drama (1900) ; A. Scheunert, Der Pantragismus als See also:System der Weltanschauung and Asthetik Hebbels (1903); E. A. Georgy, Die Tragodie F. Hebbels nach ihrem Ideengehalt (1904).

End of Article: HEBBEL, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1813-1863)

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