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LUPERCALIA , a very See also:ancient, possibly pre-See also:Roman, See also:pastoral festival in See also:honour of Lupercus. Its See also:rites were under the superintendence of a See also:corporation of priests called Lupercil whose institution is attributed either to the Arcadian See also:Evander, or to See also:Romulus and Remus. In front of the Porta See also:Romana, on the western See also:side of the See also:Palatine See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill, See also:close to the Ficus Ruminalis and the Casa Romuli, was the See also:cave of Lupercus; in it, according to the See also:legend, the she-See also:wolf had suckled the twins, and the See also:bronze wolf, which is still preserved in the Capitol, was placed in it in 296 B.C. But the festival itself, which was held on See also:February 15th, contains no reference to the Romulus legend, which is probably later in origin, though earlier than the grecizing Evander legend. The festival began with the See also:sacrifice by the Luperci (or the See also:flamen dialis) of goats and a See also:dog; after which two of the Luperci were led to the See also:altar, their foreheads were touched with a bloody See also:knife, and the See also:blood wiped off with See also:wool dipped in See also:milk; then the See also:ritual required that the two See also:young men should laugh. The smearing of the forehead with blood probably refers to human sacrifice originally practised at the festival. The sacrificial feast followed, after which the Luperci cut thongs from the skins of the victims and ran in two bands See also:round the walls of the old Palatine See also:city, the See also:line of which was marked with stones, striking the See also:people who crowded near. A See also:blow from the thong prevented sterility in See also:women. These thongs were called februa, the festival Februatio, and the See also:day See also:dies februatus (februare=to purify); hence the name of the See also:month February, the last of the old Roman See also:year. The See also:object of the festival was, by expiation and See also:purification, to secure the fruitfulness of the See also:land, the increase of the flocks and the prosperity of the whole people. The Lupercal (cave of Lupercus), which had fallen into a See also:state of decay, was rebuilt by See also:Augustus; the celebration of the festival had been maintained, as we know from the famous occurrence of it in 44 B.C. It survived until A.D. 494, when it was changed by See also:Gelasius into the feast of the Purification. Lupercus, in whose honour the festival was held, is identified with See also:Faunus or Inuus, Evander (El av8pos), in the See also:Greek legend being a See also:translation of Faunus (the " kindly "). The Luperci were divided into two collegia, called Quinctiliani (or Quinctiales) and Fabiani, from the gens Quinctilia (or Quinctia) 2 and Fabia; at the See also:head of each of these colleges was a magister. In 44 B.C. a third See also:college, Luperci Julii, was instituted in honour of See also:Julius See also:Caesar, the first magister of which was See also:Mark Antony. In imperial times the members were usually of equestrian See also:standing.
See See also:Marquardt, Romische Staatsverwaltung, iii. (1885) p. 438; W. Warde See also:Fowler, Roman Festivals (1899), p. 390 See also:foil., and See also:article in See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith's See also:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (3rd ed. 1891).
End of Article: LUPERCALIA
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