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SANTA ANA

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Originally appearing in Volume V24, Page 184 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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SANTA See also:ANA , the See also:capital of the See also:department of Santa Ana, See also:Salvador, 50 M. by See also:rail N.W. of See also:San Salvador.- Pop.(19o5) about 48,000. It,is situated about 2100 ft. above See also:sea-level, in a valley surrounded by high mountains, which are covered by See also:coffee and See also:sugar plantations and See also:woods. It is the second See also:city of the See also:republic in See also:size, and has broad shady streets and See also:fine open squares. The municipal offices, See also:hospital, See also:literary See also:institute and See also:barracks are noteworthy buildings, and the See also:parish See also:church, Doric in See also:style, is generally regarded as one of the finest in Central See also:America. Cigars, pottery, See also:starch, See also:spirits, sugar and various textiles are manufactured, and the export See also:trade in coffee and sugar has See also:developed rapidly since the opening in 1900 of a railway to San Salvador and the Pacific See also:port of Acajutla. SANTA-See also:ANNA, See also:ANTONIO See also:LOPEZ DE (1795-1876), Mexican soldier and politician, was See also:born at See also:Jalapa in the See also:province of See also:Vera Cruz on the 21st of See also:February 1795. He was neither a See also:general nor a statesman, nor even an honest See also:man, but he was the most conspicuous and continuously active of the military adventurers who filled See also:Spanish America with violence during the first two generations of its See also:independence. He entered the colonial See also:army of See also:Spain as a See also:cadet in 181o, and served as one of the See also:Creole supporters of the Spanish See also:government till 182r. In that See also:year See also:Mexico See also:fell away from the See also:mother See also:country. See also:Iturbide, who was See also:master of the country for the See also:time, made Santa-Anna brigadier and See also:governor of La Vera Cruz. Till about 1835 he pursued the policy of keeping his hold on his native province of Vera Cruz, and influencing the See also:rest of the country by alternately supporting and upsetting the central government. He first helped to ruin Iturbide, who wished to make himself See also:emperor.

He proclaimed the Republic, and was then a supporter of the successful federalparty. Federalism suited him very well since it See also:

left him in command of Vera Cruz. In 1829 he defeated a foolish See also:attempt of the Spaniards to reassert their authority in Mexico. He kept himself in reserve till events gave him a See also:chance to upset the See also:president of the See also:day, Bustamente, whom he defeated at Casas Blancas on the 12th of See also:November 1832. He could now have become president himself, but preferred to See also:rule through dummies. Now that he saw an opportunity to become master he became reactionary and abolished the federal constitution. This led to the revolt of See also:Texas, which was full of settlers from the See also:United States. Santa-Anna invaded Texas and gained some successes, but was surprised and taken prisoner at San Jacinto on the 21st of See also:April 1836. The Texans had a See also:good excuse for See also:shooting him, as he conducted See also:war in a ferocious way. They preferred to let him See also:save his See also:life by ordering his troops to evacuate the country. He was released in February 1837, and had for a time to " retire to his estates " in Vera Cruz. In 1838 the See also:French government made an attack on the See also:town, and Santa-Anna, by a display of his redeeming virtue of See also:personal courage, lost a See also:leg but regained his See also:influence.

He became military See also:

dictator in 1841, and governed by violence till he was driven into See also:exile by See also:mutiny in 1845. He fled to See also:Cuba, but was recalled to command against the invading army from the United States in 1846. The Americans See also:beat him, and once more (1848) he went into exile. In 1.853 he was recalled and named president for life, with the See also:title of Serene See also:Highness. In less than two years he was again overthrown and had to go abroad in See also:August 1855. For the rest of his life Santa-Anna was See also:hanging on the outskirts of Mexico, endeavouring to find an opening to renew his old adventures. He tried the emperor See also:Maximilian, the French and the United States to see if they would serve his turn. But he had outlived his time. The'empty title of See also:grand-See also:marshal given by Maximilian was all he gained. When in 1867 he attempted to See also:head a rising, he was captured, and condemned to See also:death, but spared on the ground that he was in his dotage. At last, worn out by See also:age, he accepted an See also:amnesty and returned to the city of Mexico, where he died in obscurity on the 20th of See also:June 1876. See H.

H. See also:

Bancroft, See also:History of the Pacific States of See also:North America, vols. viii. and ix. (San Francisco, 1882-189o).

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