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SPARTACUS

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Originally appearing in Volume V25, Page 615 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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SPARTACUS , See also:

LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader in the Slave or Gladiatorial See also:

War against See also:

Rome (73—71 B.C.), a Thracian by See also:

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth. He served in the See also:

ROMAN

Roman See also:

army, but seems to have deserted, for we are told that he was taken prisoner and sold as a slave. Destined for the See also:

ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

arena, he, with a See also:

BAND

band of his See also:

FELLOW

fellow-See also:

GLADIATORS (from Lat. gladius, sword)

gladiators, See also:

broke out of a training school at See also:

Capua and took See also:

REFUGE

refuge on Mt See also:

VESUVIUS (also Vesevus in ancient poets)

Vesuvius (73). Here he maintained himself as a See also:

CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain of brigands, his lieutenants being two Celts named Crixus and See also:

OENOMAUS

Oenomaus, who like himself had been gladiators. A hastily collected force of 3000 men under C. See also:

Claudius Pulcher endeavoured to starve out the rebels, but the latter clambered down the precipices and put the See also:

Romans to See also:

FLIGHT

flight. Swarms of See also:

hardy and desperate men now joined the rebels, and when the See also:

PRAETOR (Lat. prae-itor, " he who goes before," "a leader")

praetor Publius Varinius took the See also:

field against them he found them entrenched like a See also:

REGULAR

regular army on the See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain. But they gave him the slip, and when he advanced to See also:

storm their lines he found them deserted. From See also:

CAMPANIA

Campania the rebels marched into Lucania, a See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country better suited Tor See also:

GUERRILLA (erroneously written " guerilla," being the diminutive of the Span. guerra, war)

guerrilla warfare. Varinius followed, but was defeated in several engagements and narrowly escaped being taken prisoner. The insurgents reoccupied Campania, and by the defeat of C. Thoranius, the See also:

QUAESTOR (from Lat. quaero, investigate)

quaestor of Varinius, obtained See also:

possession of nearly the whole of See also:

SOUTHERN

southern See also:

See also:

NOLA

Nola and Nuceria in Campania, See also:

THURII, or THURIUM

Thurii and See also:

METAPONTUM (Gr. Meraaovrtov, mod. Metaponto)

Metapontum in Lucania were sacked. The See also:

SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate at last despatched both consuls against the rebels (72). The See also:

German slaves under Crixus were defeated at Mt Garganus in See also:

APULIA (sometimes APPULIa in manuscripts but never in inscriptions)

Apulia by the praetor Q. Arrius. But Spartacus overthrew both consuls, one after the other, and then pressed towards the See also:

ALPS

Alps. Gains See also:

Cassius, See also:

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Cisalpine See also:

Gaul, and the praetor Gnaeus See also:

MANLIUS

Manlius, who attempted to stop him, were defeated at Mutina. Freedom was within sight, but with fatal infatuation the slaves refused to abandon Italy. Spartacus led them against Rome, but their See also:

HEARTS

hearts seem to have failed them; and instead of attacking the See also:

capital, he passed on again to Lucania. The conduct of the war was now entrusted to the praetor See also:

MARCUS

Marcus See also:

LICINIUS

Licinius See also:

CRASSUS (literally " dense," " thick," " fat ")

Crassus. In the next See also:

BATTLE

battle Spartacus was worsted and retreated towards the straits of See also:

MESSINA

Messina, intending to See also:

CROSS

cross into See also:

SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, where he would have been welcomed by fresh hordes of slaves; but the pirates who had agreed to transport his army proved faithless. Crassus endeavoured to shut in the rebels by carrying a ditch and rampart right across the See also:

peninsula, but Spartacus forced the lines, and once more Italy See also:

LAY

lay at his feet. Disunion, however, was at See also:

WORK

work in the See also:

REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel See also:

CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

The Gauls and Germans, who had withdrawn from the See also:

main See also:

BODY

body, were attacked and destroyed. Spartacus now took up a strong position in the mountainous country of Petelia (near Strongoli in See also:

CALABRIA

Calabria) and inflicted a severe defeat on the vanguard of the pursuing army. But his men refused to See also:

RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat farther, and in a pitched battle which followed soon afterwards the rebel army was annihilated. Spartacus, who had stabbed his See also:

HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse before the battle, See also:

fell See also:

SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword in See also:

hand. A body of the rebels which had escaped from the field was met and cut to pieces at the See also:

FOOT

foot of the Alps by See also:

POMPEY

Pompey (the See also:

GREAT

Great), who was returning from See also:

Spain. Pompey claimed the See also:

CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit of See also:

FINISHING

finishing the war, and received the See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of a See also:

TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph, while only a See also:

SIMPLE

simple See also:

OVATION (Lat. ovatio)

ovation was decreed to Crassus. Spartacus was a capable and energetic leader; he did his best to check the excesses of the lawless bands which he commanded, and treated his prisoners with humanity. His See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character has been misrepresented by Roman writers, whom his name inspired with terror down to the times of the See also:

EMPIRE

empire. The See also:

story has to be pieced together from the vague and some-what discrepant accounts of See also:

Plutarch (Crassus, 8–11; Pompey, 21), See also:

APPIAN (Gr. 'Aairtavbs)

Appian (See also:

Bell. civ. i. 116–120), See also:

Florus, (ii. 8), See also:

LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy (Epic. 95–97), and the fragments of the Histories of See also:

SALLUST [Gams SALLUSTIUS CRlspus] (86–34 B.c.)

Sallust, whose See also:

account seems to have been full and graphic.

See also:

House; he puts every question and declares the determination thereon. As " mouth of the House " he communicates its resolutions to others, conveys its thanks, and expresses its censure, its reprimands or its admonitions. He issues warrants for executing the orders of the House, as the See also:

COMMITMENT

commitment of offenders, the issue of writs, the attendance of witnesses or prisoners in custody, &c. The See also:

SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol of his authority is the See also:

MACE (Fr. masse, O. Fr. mace, connected with Lat.'ntateola, a mallet)

mace, which is See also:

BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne before him by the See also:

SERJEANT

serjeant-at-arms when he enters or leaves the House; it reposes on the table when he is in the See also:

CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair, and it accompanies him on all See also:

state occasions. The See also:

SPEAKER

Speaker takes See also:

PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence of all commoners in the See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom both by See also:

ancient See also:

CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom and by legislative See also:

DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration (I Will. & See also:

Mary c. 21). His See also:

SALARY

salary is 5000 a See also:

YEAR

year. It is usual to create a retiring Speaker a peer of the See also:

REALM

realm, generally with the See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

viscount. The See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office is of great antiquity, and in the various conflicts between the See also:

COMMONS

Commons and the See also:

CROWN

Crown was one of considerable difficulty, especially when, as See also:

MOUTHPIECE (Fr. embouchure; Ger. Mundstuck; Ital. bocchino)

mouthpiece of the House, he had to read petitions or addresses or deliver in the presence of the See also:

SOVEREIGN

sovereign speeches on their behalf. The first to whom the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title was definitely given was See also:

SIR

Sir See also:

Thomas See also:

Hungerford (d. 1398).

End of Article: SPARTACUS

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