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X1368

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Originally appearing in Volume V07, Page 619 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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X1368 ,,.,;' ~`' Ransome's See also:

Spring Tine See also:Cultivator. to the bravery of See also:Aristodemus, who then led a force to the See also:relief of See also:Aricia, which was being attacked by the Etruscans, and, returning at the See also:head of his victorious See also:army, overturned the See also:aristocracy and made himself See also:tyrant, but was ultimately murdered by the aristocrats. These were unable to repel a renewed See also:Etruscan attack without the help of See also:Hiero of See also:Syracuse, who in the See also:battle of See also:Cumae of 474 B.C. drove the Etruscan See also:fleet from the See also:sea, and See also:broke their See also:power in See also:Campania. The See also:Samnites finally destroyed the Etruscan supremacy by the See also:capture of See also:Capua in the latter See also:half of the 5th See also:century (see CAPUA; CAMPANIA), and the Greeks of Cumae were overwhelmed by the same invasion, either in 420 B.C. (See also:Livy iv. 44) or in 421 (Diodor. Sic. xii. 76), if his statement is See also:drawn from See also:Greek See also:sources, 428 if it is to be dated by the See also:Roman consuls to whose See also:year he ascribes it. This See also:catastrophe brought to an end the beautiful See also:series of Greek coins from the See also:town (B. V. Head, Historia Numorum, p. 31), and Oscan became its See also:language, though in many respects the Greek See also:character of the town survived (See also:Strabo V..4.

3, and the other references given by R. S. See also:

Conway, See also:Italic Dialects, p. 84). One or two See also:inscriptions in Oscan survive (id. ib. 88-92), one of which is a Iovila or heraldic See also:dedication. The date of the See also:general disuse of Oscan in the town appears to be fixed about ,8o B.c. by the See also:request (Livy xl. 44) which the Cumaeans addressed to See also:Rome that they might be allowed to use Latin for public purposes. Cumae now ceased to have any See also:independent See also:history. It came under the supremacy of Rome in 343 (or 340) as Capua did, obtained the civitas sine suffragio and was governed after 318 by the praefecti Capuam Cumas. (R. S.

C.) In the Hannibalic See also:

wars it remained faithful to Rome. It probably acquired civic rights in the Social See also:War and remained a See also:municipium until See also:Augustus established a See also:colony here. Under the See also:empire it is spoken of as a quiet See also:country town, in contrast to the See also:gay and fashionable Baiae, which, however, with the lacus See also:Avernus and lacus Lucrinus, formed a See also:part of its territory. See also:Cicero's See also:villa on the See also:east See also:bank of the latter, for example, which he called the Academia, was also known as Cumanum. In the See also:Gothic wars the See also:acropolis of Cumae was, except See also:Naples, the only fortified town in Campania, and it retained its military importance until it was destroyed by the Neapolitans in 1205, since which See also:time it has been deserted. The acropolis See also:hill (269 ft. above sea-level), a See also:mass of See also:trachyte which has broken through the surrounding tufa, lies hardly See also:loo yds. from the See also:low sandy See also:shore. It is traversed by caves, which are at three different levels with many branches. Some of them may belong to a remote date, while others may be quarries, but they have not been thoroughly investigated. They are famous in See also:legend as the seat of the See also:oracle of the Cumaean Sibyl. The acropolis has only one approach, on the See also:south-east; on all other sides it falls away steeply. Remains.of fortifications of all ages run See also:round the edge of the hill; some of the See also:original Greek See also:work, in finely hewn rectangular tufa blocks, exists on the east. The See also:medieval See also:line follows the See also:ancient, except on the N-E., where it takes in a larger See also:area.

Within the acropolis stood the See also:

temple of See also:Apollo, erected, according to tradition, by See also:Daedalus himself, the remains of which, restored in Roman times, were discovered in 1817, on the eastern and See also:lower See also:summit. On the higher western summit stood another temple, excavated in 1792, but now covered up again. This may be that of the Olympian See also:Zeus (Liv. See also:xxvii. 23). There are also various remains of buildings of the imperial See also:period, and these are far more frequent on the site of the lower town (now occupied by vineyards) which lies below the acropolis to the south. The line of the See also:city walls can be traced both on the E. and on the W., though the remains on the E. are insignificant, and on the W. (the seaward See also:side) only the scarping of the hill remains. To the S. of the town, just outside the See also:wall, is .the See also:amphitheatre. To the N. of it is the point where the roads from See also:Liternum (the Via Domitiana See also:running along the sandy See also:coast), Capua (a See also:branch of the Via Campana), See also:Misenum and See also:Puteoli meet. The last passes through the Arco Felice, an archof See also:brick-faced See also:concrete 63 ft. high which spans a cutting through the See also:Monte Grillo, made by See also:Domitian to shorten the course of the road, which had hitherto run farther See also:north. The Grotto della See also:Pace leads to the shores of Avernus. On the E. side of Cumae are considerable remains of the Roman period, among them those of the temple of See also:Demeter, as restored by the See also:family of the Lucceii.

The cemeteries of Cumae extended on all sides of the ancient city, except towards the sea, but the most important See also:

lay on the north, between this temple and the Lago di Licola. Excavations during the 19th century in Greek, Samnite and Roman See also:graves have produced many important See also:objects, now in the various museums of See also:Europe, but especially at Naples. See also:Recent discoveries in this See also:necropolis (including that of a circular archaic See also:tomb with a conical roof) have led to considerable discussion as to the true date of the See also:foundation of Cumae, and have made it clear that, in any See also:case, apre-Hellenic indigenous See also:settlement existed here—a result of See also:great importance. See J. Beloch, Campanien (See also:Breslau, 189o), 145 seq. ; G.Pellegrini, Monumenti dei Lincei, xiii. (1903); G. Patroni, Atti del See also:Congress() di Scienze Storiche (1904), vol. V. p. 215 seq. (T.

End of Article: X1368

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