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Island, about 440 S., 1770 W. It consists of three islands, a large one called Whairikauri, or Chatham Island, a smaller one, Rangihaute, or See also:

Pitt Island, and a third, Rangatira, or South-See also:

east Island. There are also several small rocky islets. Whairikauri, whose highest point reaches about r000 ft., is remarkable for the number of lakes and tarns it contains, and for the extensive bogs which See also:

COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the See also:

SURFACE

surface of nearly the whole of the uplands. It is of very irregular See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form, about 38 m. inlength and 25 M. in extreme breadth, with an See also:

AREA

area of 321 sq. M. —a little larger than See also:

Middlesex. The See also:

GEOLOGICAL

geological formation is principally of volcanic rocks, with See also:

SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists and See also:

TERTIARY

tertiary See also:

LIMESTONE

limestone; and an See also:

early See also:

PHYSICAL

physical connexion of the islands with New Zealand is indicated by their See also:

GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology and See also:

BIOLOGY (Gr. Qios, life)

biology. The See also:

CLIMATE

climate is colder than that of New Zealand. In the centre of Whairikauri is a large brackish See also:

lake called Tewanga, which at the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern end is separated from the See also:

sea by a sandbank only 150 yds. wide, which it occasionally bursts through. The southern part of the island has an undulating surface, and is covered either with an open See also:

FOREST

forest or with high ferns. In See also:

general the See also:

SOIL

soil is extremely fertile, and where it is naturally drained a See also:

rich vegetation of See also:

FERN (from O. Eng. fearn, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch varen, and Ger. Farn; the Indo-European root, seen in the Sanskrit parna, a feather, shows the primary meaning; cf. Gr. rmep6 , feather, rTepis, fern)

fern and See also:

FLAX

flax occurs.

On the See also:

north-See also:

west are several conical hills of See also:

BASALT

basalt, which are surrounded by oases of fertile soil. On the south-western See also:

side is See also:

Petre See also:

Bay, on which, at the mouth of the See also:

RIVER

river Mantagu, is Waitangi, the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

settlement. The islands were discovered in 1791 by See also:

LIEUTENANT

Lieutenant W. R. See also:

Broughton (1762-1821), who gave them the name of Chatham from the brig which he commanded. He described the natives as a See also:

bright, See also:

PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure-loving See also:

PEOPLE

people, dressed in sealskins or mats, and calling, themselves Morioris or Maiorioris. In 1831 they were conquered by Boo Maoris who were landed from a See also:

EUROPEAN

European See also:

VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel. They were almost exterminated, and an epidemic of See also:

INFLUENZA (syn. " grip," la grippe)

influenza in 1839 killed See also:

HALF

half of those See also:

LEFT

left; ten years later there were only 90 survivors out of a See also:

TOTAL

total See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of 1200. They subsequently decreased still further. Their See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language was allied to that of the Maoris of New Zealand, but they differed somewhat from them in physique, and they were probably a See also:

CROSS

cross between an immigrating Polynesian group and a See also:

LOWER

lower indigenous Melanesian stock. The population of the islands includes about 200 whites of various races and the same number of natives (chiefly Maoris). See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

Cattle and See also:

sheep are bred, and a See also:

trade is carried on in them with the whalers which visit these seas.

The See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief export from the group is See also:

WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, grown upon runs farmed both by Europeans and Morioris. There is also a small export by the natives of the flesh of See also:

young albatrosses and other sea-birds, boiled down and cured, for the Maoris of New Zealand, by whom it is reckoned a delicacy. The imports consist of the usual commodities required by a population where little of the See also:

LAND

land is actually cultivated. There are no indigenous mammals; the See also:

REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

reptiles belong to New Zealand See also:

SPECIES

species. The birds—the largest See also:

FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in the See also:

FAUNA

fauna —have become vary greatly reduced through the introduction of See also:

CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats, See also:

DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs and pigs, as well as by the See also:

CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant persecution of every sort of See also:

animal by the natives. The larger See also:

bell-See also:

BIRD

bird (Anthornis melanocephala) has become quite scarce; the magnificent See also:

FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit-See also:

PIGEON

pigeon (Carpophaga chathamensis), and the two endemic rails (Nesolimnas dieffenbachii and Cabalus modestus), the one of which was confined to Whairikauri and the other to Mangare Island, are See also:

EXTINCT

extinct. Several fossil or subfossil avian forms, very interesting from the point of view of See also:

GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical See also:

DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution, have been discovered by Dr H. O. See also:

Forbes, namely, a true species of See also:

RAVEN (O.E. hrafn, ,Icel. hrafn, Dan. ravn, Du. raaf, Ger. Rabe)

raven (Palaeocorax moriorum), a remarkable See also:

RAIL

rail (Diaphora pteryx), closely related to the extinct A phanapteryx of See also:

MAURITIUS

Mauritius, and a large See also:

COOT

coot (Palaeolimnas chathaniensis). There have also been discovered the remains of a species of See also:

swan belonging to the South See also:

AMERICAN

American genus Chenopis, and of the tuatara (Hatteria) See also:

LIZARD (Lat. lacertal)

lizard, the unique species of an See also:

ancient See also:

FAMILY

family now surviving only in New Zealand. The swan is identical with an extinct species found in caves and See also:

KITCHEN (O.E. cycene; this and other cognate forms, such as Dutch keuken, Ger. Kiuche, Dan. kokken, Fr. cuisine, are formed from the Low Lat. cucina, Lat. coquina, coquere, to cook)

kitchen-middens in New Zealand, which was contemporaneous with the prehistoric Maoris and was largely used by them for See also:

food. One of the finest of the endemic flowering See also:

PLANTS

plants of the group is the boraginaceous " Chatham Island See also:

LILY

lily " (Myositidium nobile), a gigantic forget-me-not, which grows on the shingly See also:

SHORE

shore in a few places only, and always just on the high-See also:

WATER

water See also:

mark, where it is daily deluged by the waves; while dracophyllums, leucopogons and arborescent ragworts are characteristic forms in the vegetation.

See See also:

Bruno See also:

WEISS, BERNHARD (1827– . )

Weiss, Funfzig Jahre auf Chatham Island (See also:

Berlin, 1900) ; H. O. Forbes, " The Chatham Islands and their See also:

Story," Fortnightly See also:

REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review (1893), vol. H. p. 669, "The Chatham Islands, their relation to a former Southern See also:

CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Continent," Supplementary. Papers, R.G.S., vol. iii. (1893); J. H. See also:

Scott, " The See also:

OSTEOLOGY (Gr. ovTeov, bone)

Osteology of the See also:

MAORI

Maori and the Moriori," Trans. New Zealand See also:

INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute, vol. See also:

XXVI

xxvi. (1893) ; C. W.

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