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EQUIPMENT OF THE

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Originally appearing in Volume V07, Page 754 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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EQUIPMENT OF THE See also:

DAIRY The improved •form of milking-See also:pail shown in fig. r has rests or brackets, which the milker when seated on his See also:stool places on his knees; he thus bears the See also:weight on his thighs, and is entirely relieved of the See also:strain involved in gripping the can between the knees. The See also:milk See also:sieve or strainer (fig. 2) is used to remove cow-hairs and any other See also:mechanical impurity that may have fallen into the milk. A See also:double straining See also:surface is provided, the second being of very See also:fine See also:gauze placed vertically, so that the pressure of the milk does not force the dirt through; the strainer is easily washed. The See also:cheese tub or vat receives i See also:Market See also:butter is sometimes deliberately over-weighted with See also:water, and a fraudulent profit is obtained by selling this extra moisture at the See also:price. of butter. the milk for cheese-making. The rectangular See also:form shown in fig. 3 is a See also:Cheshire cheese-vat, for See also:steam. The inner vat'is• of tinned See also:steel, and the See also:outer is of See also:iron and is fitted with pipes IIVul11~!G See also:IIIIII!Illl~lil!I!I111111llllilllllillllllllllNllllillfl~hlh!~~~' nie;nmrnrnuinnnui -. ~` ---- ~_ ~a. See also:ill for steam See also:supply. See also:Round cheese-tubs (fig. 4) are made of strong sheets of steel, double tinned to render them lasting.

They are fitted with a strong bottom hoop and bands round the sides, 1illu lilli- IIIIIIIII111111 " VIII 1'' 1111111-";'i III IutuudllU ~ ' ~ III _. 11 11,,1 •.. I_I I%I See also:

Ili! ~Illilh` and can be double-jacketed for steam-See also:heating if required. Curd- knives (fig. 5) are used for cutting the coagulated See also:mass into cubes in See also:order to See also:liber- See also:ate the whey. They are made of fide steel, with See also:sharp edges; there are also See also:wire curd-breakers. The See also:object of the curd- See also:mill (fig. 6) is to grind consolidated curd into small pieces, prepara- tory to salting and vat- ting; two spiked rollers See also:work up to spiked breasts. Hoops, into which. the curd is placed in order to acquire the shape of the cheese, are of See also:wood or steel, the former being made of well-seasoned See also:oak with iron bands (fig. 7), the latter of tinned steel. The cheese is more easily removed from the steel hoops and they are readily cleaned.

The cheese-See also:

press (fig. 8) is used only for hard or " pressed " cheese, such as See also:Cheddar. The arrangement is such 75 that the pressure is continuous; in the See also:case of soft cheese the curd is merely placed in moulds (See also:figs. t and to) of the required shape, and then taken cut to ripen, no pressure being applied. The cheese-See also:room is fitted with easily-turned shelves; on which newly-made " pressed " cheeses are laid to ripen. In the butter dairy, when the centrifugal separator Is not used, milk is " set " for cream-raising in the milk-See also:pan (fig. II), a shallow See also:vessel of See also:white See also:porcelain, tinned steel or enamelled iron. The skimming-dish or See also:skimmer (fig. 12), made of See also:tin, is for See also:collecting the cream from the surface of VIIII(IIIIVUillill "11':'NWINp :'I,:!II YlulitLillli'IiiliilYi1 (See also:Pont.l'Eveque). the milk, whence it is transferred to the cream-crock (fig. 13), in which vessel the cream remains from one to three days, till it is required for churning. Many different kinds of churns are in use, and vary much in See also:size, shape and fittings; the one illustrated in fig. 14 is a very See also:good type of See also:diaphragm See also:churn.

The butter-See also:

scoop (fig. 15) is of wood and is some-times perforated; it is used for taking the butter out of the churn. The butter-worker (fig. 16) is employed for consolidating newly-churned butter, pressing out superfluous water and mixing in See also:salt. More extended use, however, is now being made; of the " D) laiteuse " butter dryer, a centrifugal See also:machine that rapidly extracts the moisture from the butter, and renders the butter-worker unnecessary, whilst the butter produced has a better See also:grain. Scotch hands (fig. 17), made of See also:boxwood, are used for the lifting, moulding and pressing of butter. In the centrifugal cream-separator the new milk is allowed to flow into a bowl, which is caused to rotate on its own See also:axis several thousand times per See also:minute. The heavier portion which makes up the watery See also:part of the milk flies to the outer cir- cumference of the bowl, whilst the lighter particles of butter-See also:fat are forced to travel in an inner See also:zone. By a See also:simple mechanical arrangement the separated milk is forced out at one See also:tube and the cream at another, and they are collected in distinct vessels. Separators are made of all sizes, from small See also:machines dealing with ro or 20 up to See also:loo gallons an See also:hour, and worked by See also:hand (fig. 18), to large machines separating 15o to 440 gallons an hour, and worked by See also:horse, steam or other See also:power (fig.

19). Separation is found to be most effective at temperatures ranging in different machines from 8o° to 98° F., though as high a temperature as 150° is sometimes employed. The most efficient separators remove nearly the whole of the butter-fat, the quantity of fat See also:

left in the separated milk falling in some cases to as See also:low as o• r. When cream is raised by the deep-setting method, from 0.2 to 0.4% of fat is left in the skim-milk; by the shallow-setting method from o•3 to 0.5% of the fat is left behind. As a See also:rule, therefore, " separated " milk is much poorer in fat than See also:ordinary " skim " milk left by the cream-raising method in deep or shallow vessels. The first continuous working separator was the invention of Dr de See also:Laval. The more See also:recent invention by See also:Baron von Bechtol- sheim of what are known as the Alfa discs, which are placed along the centre of the bowl of the separator, has much increased the separating capacity of the machines without adding to the power required. This has been of See also:great assistance to dairy farmers by lessening the cost of the manufacture of butter, and thus enabling a large additional number of factories to be established in different parts of the See also:world, particularly in See also:Ireland, where these disc machines are very extensively used. The pasteurizer—so named after the See also:French chemist See also:Pasteur —affords a means whereby at the outset the milk is maintained at a temperature of 17o° to 18o° F. for a See also:period of eight or ten minutes. The object of this is to destroy the tubercle bacillus, if it should happen to exist in the milk, whilst incidentally the bacilli associated with several other diseases communicable through the See also:medium of milk would also be killed if they were See also:present. Discordant results have been recorded by experimenters who have attempted to kill tubercle bacilli in milk by heating the latter in open vessels, thereby permitting the formation of a scum or " scalded layer " capable of protecting the tubercle bacilli, and enabling them to resist a higher temperature than otherwise would be fatal to them. At a temperature not much above 15o° F. milk begins to acquire the cooked flavour which is objection-able to many palates, whilst its " See also:body " is so modified as to lessen its suitability for creaming purposes.

Three factors really enter into effective pasteurization of milk, namely (I) the temperature to which the milk is raised, (2) the length of See also:

time it is kept at that temperature, (3) the See also:maintenance of a See also:condition of mechanical agitation to prevent the formation of " scalded layer." Within limits, what a higher temperature will accomplish if maintained for a very See also:short time may be effected by a See also:lower temperature continued over a longer period. The investigation of the problem forms the subject of a See also:paper' in the 17th See also:Annual See also:Report of the See also:Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900. The following are the results of the experiments:—1. An exposure of tuberculous milk in a tightly closed commercial pas- FIG. 18.—Hand-Separator. teurizer for a period of ten minutes destro'ed in every case the tubercle bacillus, as determined by the inoculation of such heated milk into susceptible animals like See also:guinea-pigs. " Thermal See also:Death-Point of Tubercle Bacilli, and Relation of same to Commercial Pasteurization of Milk," by H. L. See also:Russell and E. G. See also:Hastings. llllill',q'f!;i!See also:IIII'Ilf llll!

Ilidl!III IillU~~lllllllll!IIIIMilillllli .~,~nyllimn ill~ill', (FIG. 17.-Scotch Hands. 2. Where milk is exposed under conditions that would enable a pellicle or membrane to form on the surface, the tubercle organism is able to resist the See also:

action of See also:heat at 14o° F. (6o° C.) for considerably longer periods of time. 3. Efficient pasteurization can be more readily accomplished in a closed receptacle such as is most frequently used in the commercial treatment of milk, than where the milk is heated in open bottles or open vats. 4. It is recommended, in order thoroughly to pasteurize milk so as to destroy any tubercle bacilli which it may contain, without in any way injuring its creaming properties or consistency, to heat the same in closed pasteurizers for a period of not less than twenty minutes at 140° F. Under these conditions one may be certain that disease bacteriasuch as the tubercle bacillus will be destroyed without the milk or cream being injured in any way. For over a See also:year this new See also:standard has been in See also:constant use in the Wisconsin University Creamery, and the results, from a purely See also:practical point of view, reported a year earlier by Farrington and Russell,' have been abundantly confirmed. Dairy See also:engineers have solved the problem as to how large bodies of milk may be pasteurized, the difficulty of raising many hundreds or thousands of gallons of milk up to the required temperature, and maintaining it at that heat for a period of twenty minutes, having been successfully dealt with.

The plant usually employed provides for the thorough filtration of the milk as it comes in from the farms, its rapid heating in a closed See also:

receiver and under mechanical agitation up to the desired temperature, its maintenance thereat for the requisite time, and finally its sudden reduc- tion to the temperature of See also:cold water through the agency of a refrigerator, to be next noticed. Refrigerators are used for reducing the temperature of milk to that of cold water, whereby its keeping properties are enhanced. The milk flows down the outside of the See also:metal refrigerator (fig. 20), which is corrugated in order to provide a larger cooling surface, whilst cold water circulates through the interior of the refrigerator. The conical vessel into which the milk is represented as flowing from the refrigerator in fig. 20 is absurdly called a " milk-churn," whereas milk-can is a much more appropriate name. For very large quantities of milk, such as flow from a pasteurizing plant, cylindrical refrigerators (fig. 21), made of tinned See also:copper, are available; the cold water circulates inside, and the milk, flowing down the outside in a very thin See also:sheet, is rapidly cooled from a temperature of 1400 F. or higher to I° above the temperature of the water. The fat test for milk was originally devised by Dr S. M. Babcock, of the Wisconsin, U.S.A., experiment station. It combines the principle of centrifugal force with simple chemical action.

Besides the machine itself and its graduated See also:

glass vessels, the only require- ments are sulphuric See also:acid of standard strength and warm water. The machines—often termed butyrometers— are commonly made to hold from two up to two dozen testers. After the tubes or testers have been charged, they are put in the apparatus, which is rapidly rotated as shown (fig. 22); in a few minutes the test is See also:complete, and with properly graduated vessels the percentage of fat can be read off at a glance. The butyrometer is extremely useful, alike for measuring periodi- cally the fat-producing capacity of individual cows in a See also:herd, for rapidly ascertaining the percentage of fat in milk delivered to factories and paying for such milk on the basis of quality, and for determining the richness in fat of milk supplied for the See also:urban milk See also:trade. Any intelligent See also:person can soon learn to 16th Rcpt. Wis. Agric. Expt. Station, 1899, p. 129. l!

[Il111ll ililllllilllll~ . --1-1i _Iillli11i 11111111111111NII i `11II Ili I Ifl I ,I Illlllilllllllllllllllll!IIIIII~~ilml!! ~ ~!il!I~illll,4'll!II!III!I1611Po pll` , work the apparatus, but its efficiency is of course dependent upon the accuracy of the measuring vessels. To ensure this the See also:

board of See also:agriculture have made arrangements with the See also:National See also:Physical Laboratory, Old See also:Deer See also:Park, See also:Richmond, See also:Surrey, to verify at a small See also:fee the pipettes, measuring-glasses, and test-bottles used in connexion with the centrifugal butyrometer, which in recent years has been improved by Dr N. See also:Gerber of See also:Zurich.

End of Article: EQUIPMENT OF THE

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