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See also:GLAUBER, JOHANN See also:RUDOLF (1604-1668) , See also:German chemist, was See also:born at See also:Karlstadt, See also:Bavaria, in 1604 and died at See also:Amsterdam in 1668. Little more is known of his See also:life than that he resided successively in See also:Vienna, See also:Salzburg, Frankfurt and See also:Cologne before settling in See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland, where he made his living chiefly by the See also:sale of See also:secret chemical and medicinal preparations. Though his writings abound in universal solvents and other devices of the alchemists, he made some real contributions to chemical know-ledge. Thus he clearly described the preparation of hydrochloricacid by the See also:action of oil of See also:vitriol on See also:common See also:salt, the manifold virtues of See also:sodium sulphate—sal mirabile, Glauber's salt—formed in the See also:process being one of the See also:chief themes of his Miraculum mundi; and he noticed that nitric See also:acid was formed when See also:nitre was substituted for the common salt. Further he prepared a large number of substances, including the chlorides and other salts of See also:lead, See also:tin, See also:iron, See also:zinc, See also:copper, See also:antimony and See also:arsenic, and he even noted some of the phenomena of See also:double decomposition. He was always anxious to turn his knowledge to See also:practical See also:account, whether in preparing medicines, or in furthering See also:industrial arts such as See also:dyeing, or in increasing the fertility of the See also:soil by artificial See also:manures. One of his most notable See also:works was his Teutschlands Wohlfarth in which he urged that the natural resources of See also:Germany should be See also:developed for the profit of the See also:country and gave various instances of how this might be done.
His See also:treatises, about 30 in number, were collected and published at See also:Frankfort in 1658-1659, at Amsterdam in 1661, and, in an See also:English See also:translation by Packe, at See also:London in 1689.
GLAUBER'S SALT, decahydrated sodium sulphate, Na2SO4,10H2O. It is said by J. See also:Kunkel to have been known as an arcanum or secret See also:medicine to the electoral See also:house of See also:Saxony in the See also:middle of the 16th See also:century, but it was first described by J. R. Glauber (De natura salium, 1658), who prepared it by the action of oil of vitriol or sulphuric acid on common salt, and, ascribing to it many medicinal virtues, termed it sal mirabile Glauberi. As the See also:mineral thenardite or mirabilite, which crystallizes in the rhombic See also:system, it occurs in many parts of the See also:world, as in See also:Spain, the western states of See also:North See also:America and the See also:Russian See also:Caucasus; in the last-named region, about 25 M. E. of See also:Tiflis, there is a thick See also:bed of the pure salt about 5 ft. below the See also:surface, and at Balalpashinsk there are lakes or ponds the See also:waters of which are an almost pure See also:solution. The substance is the active principle of many mineral waters, e.g. Fredericks-See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall; it occurs in See also:sea-See also:water and it is a See also:constant constituent of the See also:blood. In See also:combination with See also:calcium sulphate, it constitutes the mineral glauberite or brongniartite, Na2SO4•CaSO4, which assumes forms belonging to the See also:monoclinic system and occurs in Spain and See also:Austria. It has a See also:bitter, saline, but not acrid See also:taste. At See also:ordinary temperatures it crystallizes from aqueous solutions in large colourless monoclinic prisms, which effloresce in dry See also:air, and at 35° C. melt in their water of See also:crystallization. At See also:roe they lose all their water, and on further See also:heating fuse at 843°. Its maximum solubility in water is at 340; above that temperature it ceases to exist in the solution as a decahydrate, but changes to the anhydrous salt, the solubility of which decreases with rise of temperature. Glauber's salt readily forms supersaturated solutions, in which crystallization takes See also:place suddenly when a crystal of the salt is thrown in; the same effect is obtained by exposure to the air or by touching the solution with a See also:glass See also:rod. In medicine it is employed as an aperient, and is one of the safest and most innocuous known. For See also:children it may be mixed with common salt and the two be used with the See also:food without the See also:child being conscious of any difference. Its simulation of the taste of common salt also renders it suitable for See also:administration to insane patients and others who refuse to take any See also:drug. If, however, its presence is recognized sodium phosphate may be substituted.
End of Article: GLAUBER, JOHANN RUDOLF (1604-1668)
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