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HYKSOS , or " SHEPHERD See also:KINGS," the name of the earliest invaders of See also:Egypt of whom we have definite See also:evidence in tradition. See also:Josephus (c. See also:Apion. i. 14), who identifies the Hyksos with the Israelites, preserves a passage from the second See also:book of See also:Manetho giving an See also:account of them. (It may be that Josephus had it, not See also:direct from Manetho's writings, but through the garbled version of some Alexandrine compiler.) In outline it is as follows. In the days of a See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of Egypt named See also:Timaeus the See also:land was suddaply invaded from the See also:east by men of ignoble See also:race, who conquered it without a struggle, destroyed cities and temples, and slew or enslaved the inhabitants. At length they elected a king named Salatis, who, residing at See also:Memphis, made all Egypt tributary, and established garrisons in different parts, especially eastwards, fearing the Assyrians. He built also a See also:great fortress at Avaris, in the Sethroite See also:nome, east of the Bubastite See also:branch of the See also:Nile. Salatis was followed in See also:succession by Beon, Apachnas, Apophis, Jannas and Asses. These six kings reigned 198 years and Io months, and all aimed at extirpating the Egyptians. Their whole race was named Hyksos, i.e. "shepherd kings," and
some say they were See also:Arabs (another explanation found by Josephus is " See also:captive shepherds "). When they and their successors had held Egypt for 511 years, the kings of the Thebais and other parts of Egypt rebelled, and a See also:long and mighty See also:war began. Misphragmuthosis worsted the " Shepherds " and shut them up in Avaris; and his son Thutmosis, failing to See also:capture the stronghold, allowed them to depart; whereupon they went forth, 240,000 in number, established themselves in Judea and built See also:Jerusalem.
In Manetho's See also:list of kings, the six above named (with many See also:variations in detail) See also:form the XVth See also:dynasty, and are called " six See also:foreign Phoenician kings." The XVIth dynasty is of See also:thirty-two " Hellenic (sic?) shepherd kings," the seventeenth is of " shepherds and Theban kings " (reigning simultaneously). The lists vary greatly in different versions, but the above seems the most reasonable selection of readings to be made. For " Hellenic " see below. The supposed connexion with the Israelites has made the problem of the Hyksos attractive, but See also:light is coming upon it very slowly. In 1847 E. de See also:Rouge proved from a fragment of a See also:story in the papyri of the See also:British Museum, that Apopi was one of the latest of the Hyksos kings, corresponding to Aphobis; he was king of the " pest " and suppressed the See also:worship of the See also:Egyptian gods, and endeavoured to make the Egyptians worship his See also:god Setekh or Seti; at the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time an Egyptian named Seqenenre reigned in See also:Thebes, more or less subject to Aphobis. The See also:city of Hawari (Avaris) was also mentioned in the fragment.
In 1850 a See also:record of the capture of this city from the Hyksos by Ahmosi, the founder of the eighteenth dynasty, was discovered by the same See also:scholar. A large class of monuments was afterwards attributed to the Hyksos, probably in See also:error. Some statues and sphinxes, found in 1861 by See also:Mariette at Tanis (in the See also:north-east of the See also:Delta), which had been usurped by later kings, had See also:peculiar " un-Egyptian " features. One of these See also:bore the name of Apopi engraved lightly on the See also:shoulder; this was evidently a usurper's See also:mark, but from the whole circumstances it was concluded that these, and others of the same type of features found elsewhere, must have belonged to the Hyksos. This view held the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field until 1893, when Golenischeff produced an inferior example See also:hearing its See also:original name, which showed that in this See also:case it represented Amenemhe III. In consequence it is now generally believed that they all belong to the twelfth dynasty. Meanwhile a headless statue of a king named Khyan, found at See also:Bubastis, was attributed on various grounds to the Hyksos, the soundest arguments being his foreign name and the boastful un-Egyptian epithet " beloved of his ka," where " beloved of Ptah " or some other god was to be expected. His name was immediately afterwards recognized on a See also:lion found as far away from Egypt as See also:Bagdad. See also:Flinders See also:Petrie then pointed out a See also:group of kings named on scarabs of peculiar type, which, including Khyan, he attributed to the See also:period between the Old See also:Kingdom and the New, while others were in favour of assigning them all to the Hyksos, whose appellation seemed to be recognizable in the See also:title Hek-khos, "ruler of the barbarians," See also:borne by Khyan. The extraordinary importance of Khyan was further shown by the See also:discovery of his name on a See also:jar-lid at See also:Cnossus in See also:Crete. Semitic features were pointed out in the supposed Hyksos names, and Petrie was convinced of their date by his excavations of 1905—1906 in the eastern Delta. Avaris is generally assigned to the region towards See also:Pelusium on the strength of its being located in the Sethroite nome by Josephus, but Petrie thinks it was at Tell el-Yahudiyeh (Yehudia), where Hyksos scarabs are See also:common. From the remains of fortifications there he argues that the Hyksos were uncivilized See also:desert See also:people, skilled in the use of the See also:bow, and must thus have destroyed by their See also:archery the Egyptian armies trained to fight See also:hand-to-hand; further;,that their hordes were centered in See also:Syria, but were driven thence by a See also:superior force in the East to take See also:refuge in the islands and became a See also:sea-See also:power—whence the See also:strange description " Hellenic " in Manetho, which most editors have corrected to c'aJwi, "others." Besides the statue of Khyan, blocks of See also:granite with the name of Apopi have been found in
Upper Egypt at Gebelen and in See also:Lower Egypt at Bubastis. The celebrated Rhind mathematical See also:papyrus was copied in the reign of an Apopi from an original of the time of Amenemhe III. Large See also:numbers of Hyksos scarabs are found in Upper and Lower Egypt, and they are not unknown in See also:Palestine. Khyan's monuments, inconspicuous as they are, actually extend over a wider See also:area--from Bagdad to Cnossus—than those of any other Egyptian king.
It is certain that this mysterious people were See also:Asiatic, for they are called so by the Egyptians. Though See also:Seth was an Egyptian god, as god of the Hyksos he represents some Asiatic deity. The possibility of a connexion between the Hyksos and the Israelites is still admitted in some quarters. Hatred of these impious foreigners, of which there is some trace in more than one See also:text, aroused amongst the Egyptians (as nothing ever did before or since) that See also:martial spirit which carried the armies of Tethmosis to the See also:Euphrates.
Besides the histories of Egypt, see J. H. Breasted, See also:Ancient Records of Egypt; See also:Historical Documents ii. 4, 125; G. See also:Maspero, Contes populaires, 3me ed. p. 236; W. M. F. Petrie, Hyksos and Israelite Cities, p. 67; Golenischeff in Recueil de travaux, xv. p. 131. (F. LL.
End of Article: HYKSOS
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