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ARCHERY , the See also:art and practice of See also:shooting with the See also:bow (arcus) and arrow, or with crossbow and bolts. Though these weapons are by no means widely used amongst See also:savage tribes of the See also:present See also:day, their origin is lost in the mists of antiquity. Amongst the See also:great peoples of See also:ancient See also:history the Egyptians were the first and the most famous of archers, relying on the bow as their See also:principal weapon in See also:war. Their bows were History somewhat shorter than a See also:man, and their arrows varied 1a war. between 2 ft. and 2 ft. 8 in. in length. Here, as elsewhere, See also:flint heads for arrows were by no means rare, but See also:bronze was the usual material employed. The Biblical bow was of See also:reed, See also:wood or See also:horn, and the Israelites used it freely both in war (Gen. xlviii. 22) and in the See also:chase (xxi. 20). The Assyrians also were a nation of archers. Amongst the Greeks of the historic See also:period archery was not much in See also:evidence, in spite of the tradition of Teucer, Ulysses and many other archers of the Iliad and Odyssey. The Cretans, however, supplied See also:Greek armies with the bowmen required. In the " Ten Thousand " figured two See also:hundred Cretan bowmen of Sosias' See also:corps. See also:Rustow and Koehly (Geschichte See also:des griechischen Kriegwesens, p. 131) estimate the range of the Cretan bow at eighty to one hundred paces, as compared with the See also:sling-See also:bullet's See also:forty or fifty, and the See also:javelin's See also:thirty to forty. The See also:Romans as a nation were, equally with the Greeks,indifferent to archery; in their legions the See also:archer See also:element was furnished by Cretans and Asiatics. On the other See also:hand nearly all See also:Asiatic and derived nations were famous bowmen, from the nations who fought under See also:Xerxes' banner onwards. The See also:Persian, Scythian and See also:Parthian bow was far more efficient than the Cretan, though the latter was not wanting in the heterogeneous armies of the See also:East. The sagittarii, three thousand strong, who fought in the Pharsalian See also:campaign, were See also:drawn from See also:Crete, See also:Pontus, See also:Syria, &c. But the See also:Roman view of archery was radically altered when the old legionary See also:system perished at See also:Adrianople (A.D. 378). After this See also:time the armies of the See also:empire consisted in great See also:part of See also:horse-archers. Their missiles, we are told, pierced See also:cuirass and See also:shield with ease, and they shot equally well dismounted and at the gallop. These troops, combined with heavy See also:cavalry and themselves not unprovided with See also:armour, played a decisive part in the Roman victories of the See also:age of See also:Belisarius and See also:Narses. The destruction of the See also:Franks at See also:Casilinum (A.D. 554) was practically the See also:work of the horse-archers.
In the See also:main, the nations whose migrations altered the See also:face of See also:Europe were not archers. Only with the Welsh, the Scandinavians, and the peoples in See also:touch with the Eastern empire was the bow a favourite weapon. The edicts of See also:Charlemagne could not succeed in making archery popular in his dominions, and See also: The crossbow had from about the loth See also:century gradually become the principal missile weapon in Europe, in spite of the fact that it was condemned by the Lateran See also:Council of 1139. As See also:early as 1270 in See also:France, and rather later in See also:Spain, the See also:master of the crossbowmen had become a great dignitary, and in Spain the weapon was used by a corps d'elite of men of See also:gentle See also:birth, who, with their See also:gay See also:apparel, were a picturesque feature of See also:continental armies of the period. But the Genoese, Pisans and Venetians were the peoples which employed the crossbow most of all. Many thousand Genoese crossbowmen were present at See also:Crecy.
It was in the Crusades that the crossbow made its reputation, opposing heavier See also:weight and greater accuracy to the missiles of the horse-archers, who invariably constituted the greatest and most important part of the Asiatic armies. So little See also:change inwarfare had centuries brought about that a crusading force in 1104 perished at Carrhae, on the same ground and before the same mounted-archer See also:tactics, as the See also:army of See also:Crassus in 55 B.C. But individually the crusading crossbowmen was infinitely See also:superior to the See also:Turkish or See also:Egyptian horse-archer.
See also:England, which was to become the See also:country of archers See also:par excellence, See also:long retained the old short bow of Hastings, and the far more efficient crossbow was only used as a See also:rule by mercenaries, such as the celebrated Falkes de See also:Breaute and his men in the reign of See also: In 1360 Edward III. mounted his archers, as Strongbow had done. The long-bow was about 5 ft., and its See also:shaft a See also:cloth-yard long. Shot by a Welsh archer, a shaft had penetrated an See also:oak See also:door (at See also:Abergavenny in 1182) 4 in. thick and the See also:head stood out a hand's breadth on the inner See also:side. Drawn to the right See also:ear, the bow was naturally capable of long shooting, and in Henry VIII.'s time practice at a less range than one See also:furlong was forbidden. In rapidity it was the equal of the short bow and the superior of the crossbow, which weapon, indeed, it surpassed in all respects. Falkirk, and still more Crecy, See also:Poitiers and See also:Agincourt, made the English archers the most celebrated See also:infantry in Europe, and the See also:kings of England, in whatever else they differed from each other, were, from Edward II. to Henry VIII., at one in the See also:matter of archery. In 1363 Edward III. commanded the See also:general practice of archery on Sundays and holidays, all other See also:sports being forbidden. The provisions of this See also:act were from time to time re-issued, particularly in the well-known act of Henry VIII. The See also:price of bows and arrows was also regulated in the reign of Edward III., and Richard III. ordained that for every ton of certain goods imported ten See also:yew-bows should be imported also, while at the same time long-bows of unusual See also:size were admitted See also:free of See also:duty. In See also:order to prevent the too rapid See also:consumption of yew for bow-staves, bowyers were ordered to make four bows of wych-See also:hazel, ash or See also:elm to one of yew, and only the best and most useful men were allowed to possess yew-bows. Distant and exposed counties were provided for by making bowyers, fletchers, &c., liable (unless freemen of the See also:city of See also:London) to be ordered to any point where their services might be required. In See also:Scotland and Ireland also, considerable See also:attention was paid to archery. In 1478 archery was encouraged in Ireland by See also:statute, and See also: But the Armada year saw the last appearance of the English archer, and the same See also:county in 1598 provides neither archers nor billmen, while in the professional army in Ireland these weapons had long given way to See also:musket and See also:caliver, See also:pike and halberd. Archers appeared in civilized warfare as See also:late as 1807, when fifteen hundred " baskiers," horse-archers, clad in See also:chain armour, fought against See also:Napoleon in See also:Poland. As a weapon of the chase the bow was in its various forms employed even more than in war. The rise of archery as a See also:sport in England was, of course, a consequence of its military value, which caused it to be so heartily encouraged by all English sovereigns. The See also:Japanese were from their earliest times great archers, and the bow was the weapon par excellence of their soldiers. /span. The See also:standard length of the bow (usually See also:bamboo) was 7 ft. 6 in., of the arrow 3 ft. to 3 ft. 9 in. Numerous feats of archery are recorded to have taken See also:place in the " thirty-three span " halls of See also:Kioto and See also:Tokyo, where the archer had to shoot the whole length of a very See also:low See also:corridor, 128 yds. long. Wada Daihachi in the 17th century shot 8133 arrows down the corridor in twenty-four consecutive See also:hours, averaging five shots a See also:minute, and in 1852 a See also:modern archer made 5583 successful shots in twenty hours, or over four a minute. The Pastime of Archery.—The use of the bow and arrow as a pastime naturally accompanied their use as weapons of war, but when the See also:gun began to supersede the bow the and his See also:queen, See also:Catherine of See also:Braganza, interested themselves in English archery, the queen in 1676 presenting a See also:silver badge or shield to the " See also:Marshall of the Fraternity of Archers," which badge, once the See also:property of the See also:Finsbury Archers, was transferred to the keeping of the Royal Toxophilite Society, when in 1841 the two clubs combined. The Toxophilite Society was founded in 1781; for though in the See also:north archery had long been practised, its resuscitation in the south really See also:dates from the formation of this See also:club by See also:Sir See also:Ashton See also:Lever. This society received the See also:title of " Royal " in 1847, though it had long been patronized by See also:royalty. It is an See also:error to suppose that the Finsbury Archers were connected with the Archers' See also:division of the Hon. See also:Artillery See also:Company, but many members of the Toxophilite Society joined that division, and used its ground for shooting, securing, however, a London ground of their own in the See also:district where See also:Gower See also:Street, W.C., now is. When this ground became unavailable, the shooting probably took place at Highbury, and later in 1820, on See also:Lord's See also:cricket ground, the present ground in the Inner Circle of See also:Regent's See also:Park, near the Botanical Gardens, not being acquired till 1833. The society may be regarded as the most important See also:body connected with archery, most of the leading. archers belonging to it, though the See also:Grand See also:National Archery Society controls the public meetings. Among its more important events is the shooting of 144 arrows at See also:loo yds. for the Crunder See also:Cup and See also:Bugle. In the early days of the club targets of different sizes were used at the different ranges, and the scores were recorded in See also:money (e.g. " Mr Elwin, 86 hits, £5: 5: 6 "). The Woodmen of See also:Arden can claim an almost equal antiquity, having been founded—some say "revived "—in 1785. The number of members is limited to 8o; at one time there were 81, Sir See also:Robert See also:Peel having been elected as a supernumerary by way of compliment. The headquarters of the Woodmen are at See also:Meriden in See also:Warwickshire; the club has a nominal authority over vert and See also:venison, whence its See also:officers See also:bear appropriate names—warden, master-forester and verderers; and the See also:annual See also:meeting is called the VVardmote. The master-forester, or See also:captain for the year, is the maker of the first "See also:gold " at the annual See also:target; he who makes the second is the See also:senior See also:verderer. The club devotes itself to the old-fashioned clout-shooting at long ranges, reckoned by " scores," nine scoremeaning 18o yds., and so on. (Vide " Clout-shooting " infra.) The See also:chief matches in which the Woodmen engage are those against the Royal Company of Scottish Archers. The Royal See also:British Bowmen date back to the end of the 18th century. Like many others, during the See also:Napoleonic war they suspended operations, revived when See also:peace was made. The club was finally dissolved in 1880. The Royal Kentish Bowmen were founded in 1785, but did not survive the war. John O'Gaunt's Bowmen, who still meet at See also:Lancaster, were revived, not created, at the same time, and still flourish. The See also:Herefordshire Bowmen only shoot at 6o yds., while the See also:West Berks Society is limited to twelve members, who meet at each other's houses, except for their Autumn See also:Handicap, shot on the Toxophilite Grounds—216 arrows at 100 yds. The Royal Company of Archers is the chief Scottish society. Originally a semi-military body constituted in 1676, it practised archery as a pastime from the time of its See also:foundation, several meetings being held in the first few years of its existence. It devoted itself to " rovers," or long-range shooting at the " clout," among its most interesting trophies being the " See also:Musselburgh Arrow," first shot for in 1603, possibly even earlier, in that See also:town; the competition was then open to all corners, for archery was long popular in Scotland, especially at See also:Kilwinning, the headquarters of See also:popinjay (q.v.) shooting. Other prizes are the " See also:Peebles Silver Arrow," dating back to 1626, the " See also:Edinburgh Silver Arrow " (1709), the " See also:Selkirk Arrow," a very ancient See also:prize, the " See also:Dalhousie See also:Sword," the " Hopetoun Royal See also:Commemoration Prize," and others, shot for at ranges of 18o or 200 yds. The most curious is the " See also:Goose See also:Medal." Originally a goose was buried in a See also:butt with only its head visible, and this was the archers' See also:mark; now a small See also:glass globe is substituted. The " Popingo (Popinjay) Medal," for which a stuffed See also:parrot was once used as the mark, is now See also:con-tested at the See also:ordinary butts. The Kilwinning Society of Archers, founded in 1688, did not disband till 1870; the See also:Irvine Toxophilites flourished from 1814 till about 1867. But of all See also:societies the Grand National Archery Society, regulating the great meetings, though comparatively See also:young, is the most important. Various open meetings were already in existence, but in 1844 a few leading archers projected a Grand National Meeting, which was held in See also:York in that year and in 1845 and 1846, and subsequently in other places. But the society did not exist as such till 1861, after the meeting held at See also:Liverpool, since when, not-withstanding some See also:financial troubles, it has been the legislative and managing body of English archery. The chief meetings are the " Championship," the " See also:Leamington and Midland Counties," the " Crystal See also:Palace," the " Grand Western" and the " Grand Northern." For some years a "Scottish Grand National" was held, but See also:fell into See also:abeyance. The "Scorton Arrow" is no longer shot for in the See also:Yorkshire See also:village of that name, but the meeting, held regularly in the county, dates back to 1673 by See also:record, and is probably far older. The silver arrow and the captaincy' are awarded to the man who makes the first gold; the silver bugle and lieutenancy to the first red; the gold medal to most hits, and a horn See also:spoon to the last See also: There was a revival twenty years later, when a National Association was formed; and various meetings were held annually and championships instituted, but there was never any popular See also:enthusiasm for the sport, though it showed signs of increasing favour towards the end of the 19th century. The longer ranges are not greatly favoured by See also:American archers, though at some meetings the regulation "York See also:Round" (vide infra under "Targets ") and the " National " are shot. Other rounds are the "See also:Potomac," 24 arrows at 8o, 24 at 70, and 24 at 6o yds.; the "See also:Double American," 6o arrows each at 6o, 50 and 40 yds.; and the "Double See also:Columbia," for ladies, 48 each at 50, 40 and 30 yds. In team matches ladies shoot 96 arrows at 5o yds., gentle-men 96 at 6o. The Bow.--As used in the pastime of archery the length of the bows does not vary much, though it bears some relation to the length sportry of pastime lost its popularity. Charles II., however, sport. of the arrow and the length of the arrow to the strength of the archer, to which the weight of the bow has to be adapted. The proper weight of a how is the number of lb which, attached to the See also:string, will draw a full-length arrow to its head. For men's bows the See also:drawing-See also:power varies from 40 to 6o lb, anything above this being extreme; ladies' bows draw from 24 to 32 lb. Estimating 50 lb as a See also:fair See also:average, such a bow would be 6 ft. T in. long for a 3o-in., 6 ft. for a 28-in., and 5 ft. 11 in. for a 27-in. arrow, but the height as well as the strength of the archer have to be considered. Similarly a See also:lady's bow on the average See also:measures about 5 ft. 6 in. and her arrows 25 in. Modern bows are either made entirely of yew (occasionally of other See also:woods), when they are called " self-bows," or of a See also:combination of woods, when they are called " backed-bows." Self-bows are rarely or never made in a single stave, owing to the difficulty of obtaining true and flawless wood of the necessary length; hence two staves joined by a double See also:fish-See also:joint, which forms the centre of the bow, are used, tested and adjusted so that they may be as equally elastic as possible. The best yew is imported from See also:Italy and Spain, and is allowed to See also:season for three years before it is made into a bow, which again is not used till it is two years older. In backed-bows the belly, the rounded part nearest to the string, is generally but not necessarily made of yew, the back, or See also:flat part, of yew (the best), See also:hickory, See also:lance or other woods, glued together in strips. The centre of the bow, for about 18 in., should be stiff and resisting, then tapering off gradually to the horns in which the string is fitted, the greatest care being taken that the two limbs are See also:uniform. The bow of self-yew is generally considered more agreeable to handle and has a better " See also:cast," throwing the arrow more smoothly and with less See also:jar, and since no glued parts are exposed, it is less liable. to injury from wet. On the other hand, " crysals " (tiny cracks, which are See also:apt to extend) are more frequent in this class of bow. Self-yew bows cost 08 or £Io, where a See also:good backed-bow can be bought for about half that. The self-bow is more sensitive than other bows, and its work is mostly done during the last few inches of the pull, where the backed-bow pulls evenly throughout. The backed-bow should be perfectly straight in the back, but after use often loses its shape either by " following the string," i.e. getting See also:bent inwards on the string-side, or by becoming " reflex " (bending the opposite way). Self-bows are even more apt to lose their shape than backed-bows, as there is no hard wood to counteract the natural See also:grain. A bow that is strongly reflexed at the ends is known as a " See also:Cupid's bow." To See also:form the handle the wood of the bow is See also:left thick in the centre, and See also:braid, See also:leather or indiarubber is See also:wound round it to give a better grip. The String and Stringing.—The string is made of three strands of See also:hemp, dressed with a preparation of See also:glue, and should be perfectly round, smooth and not frayed, as a broken string may result in a broken bow. The string, at its centre, is 6 in. from the belly of the man's bow; 5 in. in the lady's bow. The clenched fist with the thumb upright was the old, rough and ready estimate, known as " fist-mele." For a few inches above and below the nocking point the string is lapped with See also:carpet-See also:thread to See also:save it from fraying by contact with the arm; the nocking point being made by another lapping of filoselle See also:silk, so that the string may exactly See also:fit the nock of the arrow. When a bow is properly strung the string should be longitudinally along the See also:middle of the belly. Arrows and Nocking.—The parts of the arrow are the shaft, the " nook " or notch, the " See also:pile " or point, and the feathers. The shaft is made of seasoned red See also:deal, and may be " self " or " footed." Most arrows are " footed," i.e. a piece of hard wood to which the pile is attached is spliced to the deal shaft, which should be perfectly straight and stiff. The shaft is made in several shapes. Most archers prefer the " parallel " pattern—the shaft being the same size from nock to pile; the next is the " barrelled," the shape being thick in the centre and tapering towards the ends. The " bob-tail " diminishes from the pile to the nock; the " chested " tapers from the middle to the pile. The pile should not be See also:taper but cylindrical, " broadshouldered " where the point begins. The nock is cut square. There are three feathers, the body feathers of a See also:turkey or See also:peacock being the best. They should all See also:curve the same way, are about 11 in. long and in. deep, with the ends near the nock either square, or See also:balloon-shaped. The weight of an arrow is its weight in new English silver; a five-See also:shilling arrow is heavy for a man's bow, while four-shillings is See also:light. A 28-in. arrow for a 50-lb bow may weigh four-andninepence; a 27-in. arrow four-and-sixpence. This may serve as a rough standard. Other Implements.—The archer uses See also:finger-tips, or a " tab " of leather, to protect the fingers against the string, and a leather " bracer " to protect the left arm from its See also:blow. Quivers are not now used except by ladies. A See also:special See also:box for carrying bows and arrows about; a proper See also:cupboard, known as an " See also:ascham," in which they may be kept at See also:home in a dry, even temperature, not too hot; and a See also:baize or leather See also:case for use on the ground, are important See also:minor articles of equipment. Targets, Scoring and Handicapping.—The targets, 4 ft. in See also:diameter, are made of See also:straw 3 to 4 in. thick, and are supported sloping slightly backwards by an See also:iron stand. The faces are of See also:floor-cloth painted with concentric rings, 44 in. each in breadth. The See also:outer See also:ring, white, See also:counts one point; the next, See also:black, three; the next, See also:blue, five; the next, red, seven; and the next, gold—a See also:complete circle of 41 in.radius—nine. The exact centre of the gold is called the " See also:pin-hole." The targets are set up in pairs, facing each other, the distances for men being 100, 8o and 6o yds.; for ladies, 6o and 50; for convenience, 5 yds. are added to allow for a shooting-line that distance in front of each target. The centre of the gold should be 4 ft. from the ground. Each archer shoots three arrows— an " end "—at one target ; they then See also:cross over and mark the scores. If an arrow cuts two rings, the archer is credited with the value of the higher one. In matches a " York Round " or a " St See also:George's Round " is usually shot by men, the former consisting of 144 arrows, 72 at Too yds., 48 at 8o yds., and 24 at 6o yds., the latter of 36 arrows at each of these distances. One York Round only is shot on a day; a double York Round is shot, one on each day, at the more important meetings. Ladies usually shoot the " National Round " of 48 arrows at 60 yds. and 24 at 5o yds. At most meetings the prizes are awarded on the See also:gross scores; at others, including the Championship meeting, on points, two points for the highest See also:score on the round and two for most hits on the round, one point each for highest score and most hits at each of the three ranges, ten points in all. Ladies' scores are calculated similarly. To decide the Championship, the Grand National Archery Society passed a rule in 1894 that " The See also:Champion prizes shall be awarded to the archer gaining the greatest number of points, provided that those for gross hits or gross score are included; any points won by other archers shall be redistributed among those gaining the points for gross hits or gross score." Handicapping may be done by " rings," the winner of a first prize not being allowed to See also:count " whites " at subsequent meetings, and " blacks " and " blues being lost for further successes. Better methods are (I) to deduct a percentage from the gross score of successful shooters, (2) to handicap by points, as in other pastimes, or (3) to See also:rate a shooter according to the average of his last year's performances, re-rating him monthly, or at convenient intervals, the system being to add his average of the current year to his average of last year, and See also:divide the sum by two to form his new rating. Clout and Long Distance Shooting.—T his form of archery is chiefly supported by the Woodmen of Arden and the Royal Company. At Too yds., the target (smaller by 4 in. than the usual one, but with an inner white circle instead of the blue) is set up against a butt only 18 in. from the ground, but for nine-score, ten-score, and twelve-score shooting it is a white target, 2 ft. 6 in. in diameter, with a black centre. The target, the centre and the arrow that hits the centre are each known as a " clout." Hits and misses are signalled by a marker stationed, rather perilously, by the side of the butt. The target is sloped backwards to an See also:angle of 6o°, with rings marked round it on the ground at distances of II ft., 3 ft., 6 ft. and 9 ft., a See also:hit in the outer ring counting one, and in the next two, and so on, the clout or centre counting six. For the longer ranges lighter arrows are used. The Scottieh clout was a piece of See also:canvas, stretched on a See also:frame; the range 18o or 200 yds.; all arrows counted one that were within 24 ft. of the target, the clout counting two. Modern archers have paid scant attention to See also:mere distance-shooting, which is an art of its own, but their experiments prove that with a fairly heavy bow, say 6o lb or 63 lb, and a long light arrow, known as a " See also:flight arrow," a good archer should be able to reach 300 or 310 yds. With a heavier bow, properly under See also:control, 50 or 6o yds. might be added to this by a strong man. These experiments seem to be verified by a See also:quotation from See also:Shakespeare (Henry IV. Act iii. Sc. 2) : " A' would have clapped i' the clout and twelve score, and carried you a forehand shaft a fourteen and fourteen and a half," i.e. 286 or 290 yds. Instances are recorded of Englishmen shooting 340 and 36o yds., but in 1795 Mahmoud See also:Effendi of the Turkish See also:embassy shot 482 yds. with a Turkish bow, and See also:Sultan See also:Selim 972. The Turk, however, used a Turkish bow and a 14-in. arrow, with a grooved See also:rest on his left arm along which the arrow passed, to compensate for the difference between the draw of the bow and the shortness of the arrow. The diplomatist's shot is supported by good evidence, but the sultan's is regarded as improbable at least. Championship and Scores.—The British championship meetings, instituted in 1844, are conducted under the See also:laws of the Grand National Archery Society: the prizes, apart from the See also:Challenge prizes, are given in money, there being also a rule that any one who makes three See also:golds at one end receives a shilling from all others of the same See also:sex who are shooting. The most notable champion was See also:Horace A. See also:Ford (d. 1880), who held the title for eleven consecutive years, 1849 to 1859 inclusive, and again in 1867. He made a four-figure score at four other championship meetings, his highest, 1251 (in 1857) for 245 hits being unapproached. To him the modern scientific practice of archery must largely be attributed, together with its improvement and its popularity. The names of G. See also:Edwards, See also:Major C. See also:Hawkins See also:Fisher, H. H. Palairet, C. E. Nesham, and G. E. S. Fryer, are also notable as champions. Among ladies Mrs Horniblow was champion for eleven years between 1852 and 1881, See also:Miss Legh for nineteen years between 188o and 1908; Mrs Piers Legh, Miss Betham and Mrs Bowly claim the title on four occasions. Mrs Bowly's score of 823 (1894) was the highest made for the champion-See also:ship till Miss Legh made 825 with 143 hits—only one arrow missed altogether—in 1898; beating her own record with a score of 841 (143 hits) in 1904. It should not be forgotten that as the champion-ship is awarded by points, the highest score does not necessarily win. See See also:Roger Ascham, Toxophilus (1545), edited by Edward See also:Arber (London, 1868) ; The Arte of Warre, by William Garrard (London x591); The Arte of Archerie, by Gervase Markharn (London, 16J4); Ancient and Modern Methods of Arrow See also:Release, by E. S. See also:Morse (1885); The English Bowman, by T. See also:Roberts (London, 1801); A See also:Treatise on Archery, by See also: Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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