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crown of Ethiopia. After the death of Theodore in 1888 he continued to struggle against his successor, the emperor Johannes (better known to Europeans as King See also:

John of Abyssinia). Being again unsuccessful, he resolved to await a more propitious occasion; so, acknowledging the supremacy of Johannes, in 1886 he married his daughter Zeodita (b. 1876) to the emperor's son, the See also:

Ras See also:

AREA

Area; he was thereupon declared See also:

HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir to the See also:

EMPIRE

empire, and on his See also:

side acknowledged the Ras Area as his successor. Ras Area died in May 1888, and the emperor Johannes was killed in a See also:

war against the dervishes at the See also:

BATTLE

battle of See also:

GALLABAT, or GALABAT

Gallabat (Matemma) on the loth of See also:

March 1888. The See also:

SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession now See also:

lay between the See also:

LATE

late emperor's natural son, the Ras Mangasha, and Menelek, but the latter was elected by a large See also:

MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority on the 4th of See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, and consecrated shortly afterwards. Menelek had married in 1883 Taitu (b. 1854) a princess of See also:

TIGRE

Tigre, a See also:

LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady who had been married four times previously and who exercised considerable See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence.

Menelek's clemency to Mangasha, whom he compelled to submit and then made See also:

VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy of Tigre, was See also:

ill repaid by a See also:

long See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of revolts. In 1889, at the See also:

time when he was claiming the throne against Mangasha, Menelek signed at Uccialli a treaty with See also:

Italy acknowledging See also:

ITALIAN

Italian claims to the See also:

ASMARA

Asmara See also:

DISTRICT

district. Finding, however, that according to the Italian view of one of its articles the treaty placed his empire under Italian domination, Menelek ienounced it; and after defeating the Italians at Amba-Alagi, he compelled them to capitulate at See also:

ADOWA (properly ADUA)

Adowa in See also:

FEBRUARY

February 1896, and a treaty was signed recognizing the See also:

ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

independence of Abyssinia. His See also:

French sympathies were shown in a reportedofficial offer of treasure towards See also:

PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of the See also:

INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

indemnity at the See also:

close of the Franco-Prussian War, and in February 1897 he concluded a commercial treaty with See also:

France on very favourable terms. He also gave assistance to French See also:

OFFICERS

officers who sought to reach the upper See also:

Nile from Abyssinia, there to join forces with the Marchand See also:

MISSION

Mission; and Abyssinian armies were sent Nilewards. A See also:

BRITISH

British mission under See also:

Sir See also:

RENNELL, JAMES (1742-1830)

Rennell Rodd in May 1897, however, was cordially received, and Menelek agreed to a See also:

settlement of the Somali 'boundaries, to keep open to British See also:

commerce the See also:

CARAVAN (more correctly Karwan)

caravan route between See also:

ZAILA

Zaila and See also:

HARRAR (or HARAR)

Harrar, and tq prevent the transit of munitions of war to the Mandists, whom he proclaimed enemies of Abyssinia. In the following See also:

YEAR

year the, See also:

SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan was reconquered by an Anglo-See also:

EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

army and there-after cordial relations between Menelek and the British authorities were established. In 1889 and subsequent years, Menelek sent forces to co-operate with the British troops engaged against the Somali See also:

MULLAH (Arabic maula, a term which originally expresses the legal bond connecting a former owner with his manumitted slave, both patron and client being called maula, and thus suggests the idea of patronage)

mullah, Mahommed Abdullah. Menelek had in 1898 crushed a See also:

REBELLION

rebellion by Ras Mangasha (who died in 1906) and he directed his efforts henceforth to the consolidation of his authority, and in a certain degree, to the opening up of his See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country to western See also:

CIVILIZATION

civilization. He had granted in 1894 a concession for the See also:

BUILDING

building of a railway to his See also:

capital from the French See also:

PORT

port of See also:

JIBUTI (DJIBOUTI)

Jibuti, but, alarmed by a claim made by France in 1902 to the See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the See also:

LINE

line in Abyssinian territory, he stopped for four years the See also:

EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the railway beyond Dire Dawa. When in 1go6 France, See also:

GREAT

Great See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and Italy came to an agreement on the subject, Menelek officially reiterated his full See also:

SOVEREIGN

sovereign rights over the whole of his empire. In May 1909 the emperor's See also:

GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson Lij Yasu, or Jeassu, then a lad of thirteen, was married to Romanie (b.

1902), granddaughter of the negus Johannes. Two days later Yasu was publicly See also:

pro-claimed at Adis Ababa as Menelek's successor. At that time the emperor was seriously ill and as his ill-See also:

HEALTH

health continued, a See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of regency—from which the emperor was excluded—was formed in March 1910.

End of Article: MENELEK II

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