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life. He was already on friendly terms with him; he even claimed to have saved his life—at all events, it was a coincidence that the two had together refused to travel by the See also:

TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train the See also:

accident to which caused the death (on the 14th of May 1858) of the See also:

prince Ahmed, who would otherwise have succeeded Said. Ismail, himself a more capable See also:

man than his immediate predecessors, at once recognized the ability of Nubar, and charged him with a mission to See also:

Constantinople, not only to notify his accession, but to smooth the way for the many ambitious projects he already entertained, notably the completion of the Suez See also:

Canal, the See also:

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title to that of See also:

KHEDIVE

khedive and the change in the See also:

order of See also:

SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession.

In the first of these he was completely successful; the sultan, believing as little as every one else that the canal was anything more than a See also:

DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

dream, gave his consent at a See also:

price the moderation of which he must afterwards have regretted. The gratified Ismail created Nubar a pasha, and the sultan himself, persuaded to visit Cairo, confirmed the title so rarely accorded to a See also:

Christian. See also:

HALF

Half the See also:

WORK

work was, however, yet to be done, and Nubar was sent to See also:

Paris to See also:

COMPLETE

complete the arrangements, and to See also:

settle the See also:

DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences between Egypt and the Canal See also:

COMPANY

Company. In what he used to See also:

CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call " an expensive moment of See also:

ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm," he See also:

LEFT

left these differences to the See also:

arbitration of the See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

NAPOLEON

Napoleon III. and cost Egypt four millions See also:

sterling. On his return he was made Egypt's first minister of public See also:

WORKS

works, and was distinguished for the See also:

ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy which he threw into the creation of a new See also:

DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department; but in 1866 he was made minister of foreign affairs, and at once went on a special mission to Constantinople, where he succeeded in the other two projects that had been left in See also:

ABEYANCE (O. Fr. abeance, " gaping")

abeyance since his last visit. In See also:

JUNE

June 1867 Ismail was declared khedive of Egypt, with succession in favour of his eldest son. Nubar now had a harder task to undertake than ever before. The antiquated See also:

SYSTEM

system of " See also:

CAPITULATIONS (from Lat. ca put, or its Low-Latin diminutive capitulum, as indicating the form in which these acts were set down in chapters "; the Gr. equivalent cephaleosis, KediaXalwocc, is occasionally used in works of the 17th century)

capitulations " which had existed in the See also:

OTTOMAN

Ottoman See also:

EMPIRE

empire since the 15th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century had grown in Egypt to be a See also:

PRACTICAL

practical creation of seventeen imperia in imperio: seven-teen consulates of seventeen different See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers administered seven-teen different codes in courts before which alone their subjects were amenable. A See also:

PLAINTIFF

plaintiff could only See also:

SUE, EUGENE [JosEPH MARIE] (1804—1857)

sue a Frenchman in the French See also:

court, with See also:

APPEAL

appeal to See also:

Aix; an See also:

ITALIAN

Italian in the Italian court, with appeal to See also:

Ancona; a See also:

RUSSIAN

Russian in the Russian court, with appeal to See also:

Moscow. Nubar's bold See also:

DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design, for which alone he deserves the See also:

CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit, was to induce these seventeen powers to consent to abandon their See also:

jurisdiction in See also:

CIVIL

civil actions, to substitute mixed See also:

INTERNATIONAL, THE

International Courts and a See also:

UNIFORM

uniform See also:

CODE (Lat. codex)

code binding on all. That in spite of the jealousies of all the powers, in spite of the opposition of the See also:

PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte, he should have succeeded, places him at once in the first See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of statesmen of his See also:

period. Nubar made no See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to get rid of the criminal jurisdiction exercised by the consular representatives of the foreign powers —such a proposal would have had, at that time, no See also:

CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of success.

The extravagant See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of Ismail, for which perhaps Nubar can hardly be held wholly responsible, had brought Egypt to the See also:

VERGE (Lat. virga, a rod)

verge of See also:

BANKRUPTCY (from Lat. bancus or Fr. banquet table or counter, and Lat. ruptus, broken)

bankruptcy, and Ismail's disregard of the judgments of the Court at last compelled See also:

GREAT

Great See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and See also:

France to interfere. Under pressure, Ismail, who began to regret the See also:

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the International Courts, assented to a mixed See also:

MINISTRY

ministry under Nubar, with See also:

Rivers See also:

Wilson as minister of See also:

FINANCE

finance and de Bligniares as minister of public works. Nubar, finding himself supported by both Great Britain and France, tried to reduce Ismail to the position of a constitutional monarch, and Ismail, with an astuteness worthy of a better cause, took ad-vantage of a somewhat injudicious disbandment of certain regiments to incite a military rising against the ministry. The governments of Great Britain and France, instead of supporting the ministry against the khedive, weakly consented to Nubar's dismissal; but when this was shortly followed by that of Rivers Wilson and de Bligniares they realized that the situation was a See also:

CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical one, and they succeeded in obtaining from the sultan the deposition of Ismail and the sub-stitution of his son Tewfik as khedive (1879). Nubar remained out of office until 1884. In the See also:

INTERVAL

interval Great Britain had intervened in Egypt—the See also:

BATTLE

battle of Tel-el-Kebir had been fought, Arabi had been banished, and See also:

Sir See also:

EVELYN, JOHN (1620-1706)

Evelyn See also:

BARING

Baring (afterwards See also:

EARL

earl of See also:

Cromer) had succeeded Sir See also:

EDWARD

Edward I1`:alet. The See also:

BRITISH

British See also:

government, under the See also:

ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice of Baring, insisted on the evacuation of the See also:

SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan, and Sherif having resigned office, the more pliant Nubar was induced to become premier, and to carry out a policy of which he openly disapproved, but which he considered Egpyt was forced to accept under British dictation. At this period he used to say, " I am not here to govern Egypt, but to administer the British government of Egypt. I am simply the greaser of the See also:

OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official wheels." It might have been well if Nubar had confined himself to this modest See also:

PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme, but it was perhaps hardly to be expected of a man of his ability and restless energy. It must be admitted, however, that the characters of Nubar and See also:

Lord Cromer were not formed to run in See also:

HARNESS (from O. Fr. harneis or harnois; the ultimate origin is obscure; the Celtic origin which connects it with the Welsh haiarn, iron, has phonetic and other difficulties; the French is the origin of the Span. arnes, and Ger. Harnisch)

harness, and it was with no surprise that the public learnt in June 1888 that he had been relieved of office, though his dismissal was the See also:

DIRECT

direct See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of the khedive Tewfik, who did not on this occasion seek the advice of the British See also:

AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent. Riaz Pasha, who succeeded him, was, with one interval of eight months, prime minister until See also:

APRIL

April 1894, when Nubar returned to office. By that time Lord Cromer had more completely grasped the reins of administration as well as of government, and Nubar had realized more clearly the role which an Egyptian minister was called on to See also:

PLAY

play: Lord Cromer was the real ruler of Egypt, and the death of Tewfik in 1890 had necessitated a more open exercise of • British authority.

In See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1895 Nubar completed his fifty years of service, and, accepting a See also:

PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension, retired from office. He lived little more than three years longer, spending his time between Cairo and Paris, where he died in January 1899 at the See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of seventy-four. (C. F. M.

End of Article: NUBAR PASHA (1825-1899)

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