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PATKUL, JOHANN REINHOLD (1660-1707)

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Originally appearing in Volume V20, Page 928 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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PATKUL, JOHANN See also:REINHOLD (1660-1707) , Livonian politician and agitator, was See also:born in See also:prison at See also:Stockholm, where his See also:father See also:lay under suspicion of See also:treason. He entered the See also:Swedish See also:army at an See also:early See also:age and was already a See also:captain when, in 1689, at the See also:head of a deputation of Livonian gentry, he went to Stockholm to protest against the rigour with which the See also:land-recovery project of See also:Charles XI. was being carried out in his native See also:province. His eloquence favourably impressed Charles XI., but his representations were disregarded, and the offensive See also:language with which, in another See also:petition addressed to the See also:king three years later, he renewed his complaints, involved him in a See also:government See also:prosecution. To See also:save himself from the penalties of high treason, Patkul fled from Stockholm to Switzer-land, and was condemned in contumaciam to lose his right See also:hand and his head. His estates were at the same See also:time confiscated. For the next four years he led a vagabond See also:life, but in 1698, after vainly petitioning the new king, Charles XII., for See also:pardon, he entered the service of See also:Augustus the Strong of See also:Saxony and See also:Poland, with the deliberate intention of wresting from See also:Sweden See also:Livonia, to which he had now no See also:hope of returning so See also:long as that province belonged to the Swedish See also:Crown. The aristocratic See also:republic of Poland was obviously the most convenient suzerain for a Livonian nobleman; so, in 1698, Patkul proceeded to the See also:court of the king-elector at See also:Dresden and bombarded Augustus with proposals for the See also:partition of Sweden. His first See also:plan was a See also:combination against her of Saxony, See also:Denmark and See also:Brandenburg; but, Brandenburg failing him, he was obliged very unwillingly to admit See also:Russia into the See also:partnership. The See also:tsar was to be content with Ingria and See also:Esthonia, while Augustus was to take Livonia, nominally as a See also:fief of Poland, but really as an hereditary See also:possession of the Saxon See also:house. Military operations against Sweden's Baltic provinces were to be begun simultaneously by the See also:Saxons and Russians. After thus See also:forging the first See also:link of the partition treaty, Patkul proceeded to See also:Moscow, and, at a See also:secret See also:conference held at Preobrazhenskoye, easily persuaded See also:Peter the See also:Great to accede to the nefarious See also:league (Nov. 11, 1699).

Thoughout the earlier, unluckier days of the Great See also:

Northern See also:War, Patkul was the mainstay of the confederates. At See also:Vienna, in 1702, he picked up the Scottish See also:general See also:George See also:Benedict See also:Ogilvie, and enlisted him in Peter's service. The same See also:year, recognizing the -unprofitableness of serving such a See also:master as Augustus, he exchanged the Saxon for the See also:Russian service. Peter was glad enough to get a See also:man so famous for his talents and See also:energy, but Patkul speedily belied his reputation. His knowledge was too See also:local and limited. On the 19th of See also:August 1704 he succeeded, at last, in bringing about a treaty of See also:alliance between Russia and the See also:Polish republic to strengthen the hands of Augustus, but he failed to bring See also:Prussia also into the See also:anti-Swedish league because of See also:Frederick I.'s fear of Charles and See also:jealousy of Peter. From See also:Berlin Patkul went on to Dresden to conclude an agreement -with the imperial commissioners for the See also:transfer of the Russian contingent from the Saxon to the See also:Austrian service. The Saxon ministers, after protesting against the new arrangement, arrested Patkul and shut him up in the fortress of Sonnenstein (Dec. 19, 1705), altogether disregarding the remonstrances of Peter against such a See also:gross violation of See also:international See also:law. After the See also:peace of See also:Altranstadt (See also:Sept. 24, 1707) he was delivered up to Charles, and at Kazimierz in Poland (Oct. lo, 1707) was broken alive on the See also:wheel, Charles rejecting an See also:appeal for See also:mercy from his See also:sister, the princess Ulrica, on the ground that Patkul, as a traitor, could not be pardoned for example's See also:sake. See 0.

Sjogren, Johan Reinhold Patkul (Swed.) (Stockholm, 1882) ; Anton Buchholtz, Beitrage zur Lebensgeschichte J. R. Patkuls (See also:

Leipzig, 1893). (R. N.

End of Article: PATKUL, JOHANN REINHOLD (1660-1707)

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