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PLOVER , a See also:bird whose name (Fr. pluvier, O. Fr. plovier) doubtless has its origin in the Latin pluvia, See also:rain (as See also:witness the See also:German See also:equivalent Regenpfeifer, rain-fifer). P. See also:Belon (1555) says that the name Pluvier is bestowed " pour ce qu'on le prend mieux en temps pluvieux qu'en nulle autre saison," which is not in accordance with See also:modern observation, for in See also:rainy See also:weather plovers are wilder and harder to approach than in See also:fine. Others have thought it is from the spotted (as though with rain-drops) upper plumage of two of the commonest See also:species of plovers, to which the name especially belongs—the Charadrius pluvialis of See also:Linnaeus, or See also:golden plover, and the Squatarola helvetica of See also:recent ornithologists, or See also:grey plover. Both these birds are vefy similar in See also:general See also:appearance, but the latter is the larger and has an aborted See also:hind-toe on each See also:foot). Its axillary feathers are also See also:black, while in the golden plover they are pure See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white. The grey plover is a bird of almost circumpolar range, breeding in the far See also:north of See also:America, See also:Asia and eastern See also:Europe, frequenting in See also:spring and autumn the coasts of the more temperate parts of each See also:continent, and generally retiring farther southward in See also:winter—examples not unfrequently reaching Cape See also:Colony, See also:Ceylon, See also:Australia and even See also:Tasmania. Charadrius pluvialis has a much narrower See also:distribution, though where it occurs it is much more numerous. Its breeding quarters do not extend farther than from See also:Iceland to western See also:Siberia, but include the more elevated tracts in the See also:British Islands, whence in autumn it spreads itself, often in immense flocks, over the cultivated districts if the See also:fields be sufficiently open. Here some will remain so See also:long as the See also:absence of See also:- FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
- FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)
frost or See also:snow permits, but the See also:majority make for the Mediterranean See also:basin, or the countries beyond, in which to winter; and stragglers find their way to the See also:southern extremity of See also:Africa. Two other cognate forms, C. virginicus and C. fulvus, respectively represent C. pluvialis in America and eastern Asia, where they are also known by the same See also:English name. The discrimination of these two birds from one another requires a very acute See also:eye,' but both are easily distinguished from their See also:European ally by their smaller See also:size, their greyish-See also:- BROWN
- BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
- BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
- BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
- BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
- BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
- BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
- BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
- BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
- BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
- BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
- BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
- BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
- BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
- BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
- BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
- BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
- BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
- BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
- BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
- BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
- BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
- BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)
brown axillary feathers, and their proportionally longer
..., -;
se- .r---
See also:American See also:Steam Plough,
3o ft. at a See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, are frequently seen. On smaller areas petrol See also:motors with one or more ploughs attached are sometimes used.
There is a large variety of ploughs which differ in their purpose from the See also:ordinary plough.
The ridging plough is an See also:implement with a See also:mould-See also:board on each See also:side, terminating in front in a See also:flat point, and used for moulding up potatoes, and for throwing up the See also:ridge on which to plant roots.and more slender legs. All, however—and the same is the See also:case with the grey plover—undergo precisely the same seasonal
But for this really unimportant distinction both birds could doubtless have been kept by ornithologists in the same genus, for they agree in most other structural characters.
2 See also:Schlegel (See also:Miss. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 53) states that in some examples it seems impossible to determine the See also:form to which they belong; but ordinarily American specimens are rather larger and stouter, and have shorter toes than those from Asia.
See also:change of See also:colour, greatly altering their appearance and equally affecting both sexes. In spring or See also:early summer nearly the whole of the See also:lower plumage from the See also:chin to the vent, which during winter has been nearly pure white, becomes deep black. A corresponding alteration is at the same See also:season observable in the upper plumage.
Though the birds just spoken of are those most emphatically entitled to be called plovers, the See also:group of ringed plovers (see See also:KILLDEER and See also:LAPWING), with its See also:allies, has, according to usage, hardly less claim to the name, which is also extended to some other more distant forms that can here have only the briefest See also:notice. Among them one of the most remarkable is the " Zickzack " (so-called from its cry)—the apoxIXos of See also:Herodotus (see HUMMING-BIRD), the Pluvianus or Hyas aegyptius of ornithologists, celebrated for the services it is said to render to the See also:crocodile—a small bird whose plumage of delicate See also:lavender and cream colour is relieved by markings of black and white. This belongs to the small See also:family Glareolidae, of which the members best known are the coursers, Cursorius, with some eight or ten species inhabiting the deserts of Africa and See also:India, while one, C. gallicus, occasionally strays to Europe and even to See also:England. Allied to them are the curious pratincoles (q.v.), also See also:peculiar to the Old See also:World, while the genera Thinocoris and Attagis form an outlying group peculiar to See also:South America, that is by some systematists regarded as a See also:separate family Thinocoridae, near which are often placed the singular Sheathbills (q.v.). By most authorities the See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
Stone-curlews (see See also:CURLEW), the See also:Oyster-catchers (q.v.) and Turnstones (q.v.) are also regarded as belonging to the family Charadriidae, and some would add the Avocets (Recurvirostra) and See also:Stilts (q.v.), among which the See also:Cavalier, or Crab-plover, Dromas ardeola—a form that has been bandied about from one family and even See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to another—should possibly find its resting-See also:place. It frequents the sandy shores of the See also:Indian Ocean and See also:Bay of See also:Bengal from See also:Natal to See also:Aden, and thence to Ceylon, the See also:Malabar See also:coast, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands—a white and black bird, mounted on long legs, with webbed feet, and a See also:bill so shaped as to have made some of the best ornithologists See also:lodge it among the Terns (q.v.).
Though the various forms here spoken of as plovers are almost certainly closely allied, they must be regarded as constituting a very indefinite group, for hardly any strong See also:line of demarcation can be See also:drawn between them and the Sandpipers and Snipes (q.v.). See also:United, however, with both of the latter under the name of Limicolae, after the method approved by the most recent systematists, the whole form an assemblage the compactness of which no observant ornithologist can hesitate to admit, even if he be uncertain of the exact kinship.
For " plovers' eggs " see LAPWING. (A.
End of Article: PLOVER
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