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See also:RAYNAL, See also:GUILLAUME See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
THOMAS FRANgOIS (1713-1796), See also:French writer, was See also:born at See also:Saint- Geniez in See also:Rouergue on the 12th of See also:April 1713. He was educated at the Jesuit school of See also:Pezenas, and received See also:priest's orders, but he was dismissed for unexplained reasons from the See also:parish of Saint-Sulpice, See also:Paris, to which he was attached, and thenceforward he devoted himself to society and literature. The See also:Abbe Raynal wrote for the Mercure de See also:France, and compiled a See also:series of popular See also:bin superficial See also:works, which he published and sold himself. These—L'Histoire du stathouderat (The See also:Hague, 1748), L'Histoire du See also:parlement d'Angleterre (See also:London, 1748), Anecdotes historiques (See also:Amsterdam, 3 vols., 1753)—gained for him See also:access to the salons of Mme. See also:Geoffrin, Helvetius, and the See also:baron d'See also:Holbach. He had the assistance of various members of the philosophe coteries in his most important See also:work, L'Histoire philosophique et politique See also:des etablissements et du See also:commerce des Europeens dans See also:les deux Indes (Amsterdam, 4 vols., 1770). See also:Diderot indeed is credited with a third of this work, which was characterized by See also:Voltaire as " du rechauffe avec de la declamation." The other See also:chief collaborators were Pechmeja, Holbach, Paulze, the See also:farmer-See also:general of taxes, the Abbe See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin, and See also:Alexandre Deleyre. To this piecemeal method of See also:composition, in which narrative alternated with tirades on See also:political and social questions, was added the further disadvantage of the lack of exact See also:information, which, owing to the dearth of documents, could only have been gained by See also:personal investigation. The "philosophic " declamations perhaps constituted its chief See also:interest for the general public, and its significance as a contribution to democratic propaganda. The Histoire went through many See also:editions, being revised and augmented from See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time to time by Raynal; it was translated into the See also:principal See also:European See also:languages, and appeared in various abridgments. Its introduction into France was forbidden in 1779; the See also:book was burned by the public executioner, and an See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order was given for the See also:arrest of the author, whose name had not appeared in the first edition, but was printed on the See also:title See also:page of the See also:Geneva edition of 1780. Raynal escaped to See also:Spa, and thence to See also:Berlin, where he was coolly received by See also:Frederick the See also:Great, in spite of his connexion with the philosophe party. At St See also:Petersburg he met with a more cordial reception from See also:Catherine II., and in 1787 he was permitted to return to France, though not to Paris. He showed generosity in assigning a considerable income to be divided annually among the See also:peasant proprietors of upper See also:Guienne. He was elected by See also:Marseilles to the States-general, but refused to sit on the See also:score of See also:age. Raynal now realized the impossibility of a peaceful revolution, and, in terror of the proceedings for which the writings of himself and his See also:friends had prepared the way, he sent to the Constituent See also:Assembly an address, which was read on the 31st of May 1791, deprecating the violence of its reforms. This address is said
by Sainte-Beuve (Nouveaux lundis, xi.) to have been composed chiefly by Clermont See also:Tonnerre and See also:Pierre V. See also:Malouet, and it was regarded, even by moderate men, as See also:ill-timed. The published Lettre de l'abbe Raynal a l'Assemblee nationale (loth Dec. 1790) was really the work of the See also:comte de See also:Guibert. During the Terror Raynal lived in retirement at Passy and at Montlhery. On the See also:establishment of the See also:Directory in 1795 he became a member of the newly organized See also:Institute of France. He died in the next See also:year on the 6th of See also:March at Chaillot.
A detailed bibliography of his works and of those falsely attributed to him will be found in See also:Querard's La France lilteraire, and the same author's Supercheries devoilees. The See also:biography by A. See also:Jay, prefixed to Peuchet's edition (Paris, to vols, 182o-1821) of the Histoire . . . des hides, is of small value. To this edition Peuchet added two supplementary volumes on colonial development from 1785 to 1824. See also the See also:anonymous Raynal demasque (1791); Cherhal See also:Montreal, See also:doge . de G. T. Raynal (an. IV.) ; a See also:notice in the Moniteur (5 vendemiaire, an. V.); B. Lunet, Biographie de l'abbe Raynal (See also:Rodez, 1866); and J. See also:Morley, Diderot (1891).
End of Article: RAYNAL, GUILLAUME THOMAS
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