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See also:ROGER I . (1031-Ix0I), ruler of See also:Sicily, was the youngest son of See also:Tancred of Hauteville. He arrived in See also:Southern See also:Italy soon after 1057. Malaterra, who compares See also:Robert Guiscard (see GUISCARw, ROBERT) and his See also:brother to " See also:Joseph and See also:Benjamin of old," says of Roger: " He was a youth of the greatest beauty, of lofty stature, of graceful shape, most eloquent in speech and cool in counsel. He was far-seeing in arranging all his actions, pleasant and merry all with men; strong and brave, and furious in See also:battle." He shared with Robert Guiscard the See also:conquest of See also:Calabria, and in a treaty of 1062 the See also:brothers in dividing the conquest apparently made a See also:kind of " condominium " by which either was to have See also:half of every See also:castle and See also:town in Calabria.' Robert now resolved to employ Roger's See also:genius in reducing Sicily, which contained, besides the Moslems, numerous See also:Greek Christians subject to Arab princes who had become all but See also:independent of the See also:sultan of See also:Tunis. In May Io61 the brothers crossed from Reggio and captured See also:Messina. After See also:Palermo had been taken in See also:January 1072 Robert Guiscard, as suzerain, invested Roger as See also:count of Sicily, but retained Palermo, half of Messina and the See also:north-See also:east portion-(the Val Demone). Not till Io85, however, was Roger able to undertake a systematic crusade. In See also:March Io86 See also:Syracuse surrendered, and when in See also:February Io91 See also:Noto yielded the conquest was See also:complete. Much of Robert's success had been due to Roger's support. Similarly the latter supported See also:Duke Roger, his See also:nephew, against See also:Bohemund, See also:Capua and his rebels, and the real leadership of the Hautevilles passed to the Sicilian count. In return for his aid against Bohemund and his rebels the duke surrendered to his See also:uncle in Io85 his See also:share in the castles of Calabria, and in 1091 the half of Palermo. Roger's See also:rule in Sicily was more real than Robert Guiscard's in Italy. At the enfeoffments of 1072 and 1092 no See also:great undivided fiefs were created, and the mixed See also:Norman, See also:French and See also:Italian vassals owed their benefices to the count. No feudal revolt of importance therefore troubled Roger. Politically supreme, the count became See also:master of the insular See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church. While he gave full See also:toleration to the Greek Churches, he created new Latin bishoprics at Syracuse and See also:Girgenti and elsewhere, nominating the bishops personally, while he turned the archbishopric of Palermo into a See also:Catholic see. The Papacy, favouring a See also:prince who had recovered Sicily from Greeks and Moslems, granted to him and his heirs in Io98 the Apostolic Legateship in the See also:island. Roger practised See also:general toleration to See also:Arabs and Greeks, allowing to each See also:race the expansion of its own See also:civilization. In the cities the Moslems, who had generally secured such terms of surrender, retained their mosques, their kadis, and freedom of See also:trade; in the See also:country, however, they became See also:serfs. He See also:drew from the Moslems the See also:mass of his See also:infantry, and St See also:Anselm visiting him at the See also:siege of Capua, Io98, found " the See also:- BROWN
- BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
- BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
- BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
- BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
- BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
- BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
- BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
- BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
- BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
- BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
- BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
- BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
- BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
- BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
- BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
- BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
- BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
- BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
- BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
- BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
- BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
- BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)
brown tents of the Arabs innumerable." Nevertheless the Latin See also:element began to prevail with the See also:Lombards and other Italians who flocked into the island in the See also:wake of the conquest, and the conquest of Sicily was decisive in the steady decline from this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of See also:Mahommedan See also:power in the western Mediterranean.
' See Chalandon, La Domination normande, vol. i. p. 200.
Roger, the " Great Count of Sicily," died on the 22nd of See also:June 'tor in his seventieth See also:year and was buried in S. Trinita of Mileto. His third wife, See also:Adelaide, niece of See also:Boniface, See also:lord of See also:Savona, gave him two sons, See also:Simon and Roger, of whom the latter succeeded him.
See E. Caspar, Roger II. and See also:die Grundung der normannischsicilischen Monarchie (See also:Innsbruck, 1904). (E.
End of Article: ROGER I
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